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46 protocols using reflotron plus

1

Creatine Kinase and DOMS Assessment

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Creatine kinase, a muscle enzyme related to muscle damage that can be measured in the bloodstream,31 (link) was analyzed using 30 KL of blood collected from the earlobe 5 minutes before and 24 hours after the 1st, 13th, 25th, and 36th training sessions. Creatine kinase was measured by Reflotron Plus biochemical analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, DE)31 (link) following the manufacturer_s guidelines. Briefly, the CK strip (Roche) was filled with 30 μL of blood and after exactly 15 seconds was read on the Reflotron Plus. A VAS with 10 cm was used to measure the DOMS4 (link) 24 hours after the 1st, 13th, 25th, and 36th training sessions, because it is known that strength training exercise promotes microdamage in the muscles and an inflammatory process that induces pain with peaks between 24 and 72 hours.32 (link) Muscle pain was elicited through a maximum voluntary isometric contraction at 0 degrees of knee flexion and without load. These analyses were carried out by evaluator 2.
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2

Blood Lactate and Creatine Kinase Analysis

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To determine blood lactate and CK concentrations, aliquots of blood were obtained from a finger-prick sample. Blood lactate was directly analysed using an automated analyser (2300 STAT plus, Yellow Springs Instruments Inc., Ohio, USA) in duplicate. A 32 µl sample of blood was pipetted onto a CK Test Strip (Reflotron® Plus, Roche Diagnostics, UK) and analysed in duplicate using a commercially available Reflotron CK Assay (Reflotron® Plus, Roche Diagnostics, UK). Self-ratings of perceived quadriceps muscle soreness were assessed using a 10 point scale ranging from 1 (not sore) to 10 (very, very sore) (35) while the participants stood.
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3

Quantifying Athlete Fatigue and Muscle Damage

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Thirty minutes after each training session, the players were asked to provide an RPE rating, using the modified CR10-scale by Foster [11] (link). All players were familiarized with the RPE scale prior to the commencement of the study. Players were prompted to track their RPE individually using a customdesigned application on a portable computer tablet. Each player selected their RPE rating by touching the respective score on the tablet, which was then automatically saved to the player's profile. This method helped minimise factors that could influence a player's RPE rating, such as peer pressure and replicating other players' ratings [43] . Each individual RPE value was multiplied by the session duration to generate a session-RPE (s-RPE) value [12] (link)[13] [14] .
Forty-eight hours before the matches, we measured the concentration of plasma CK found in each player [7] . To accomplish this, the skin was first cleaned using a 95% ethyl alcohol. After drying, 32 μL of capillary blood was collected using an automatic lancet. The blood was saved in a heparinized capillary tube (Reflotron Plus, Roche Diagnostics) and immediately pipetted onto a reactive CK strip (Reflotron Plus, Roche Diagnostics), to be placed in a Boehringer Mannheim Reflotron Analyser®.
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4

Fasting Cardiometabolic Measurements

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Blood pressure, i.e., systolic and diastolic, was assessed in the fasting state according to standard guidelines. Measurement was conducted on the left arm after participants had rested for 5 minutes using an automated sphygmomanometer (UA-767, A&D Instruments Ltd., Abingdon, UK).
Fasting blood samples were obtained. Blood glucose was measured using HemoCue Glucose 201+ analyzer (HemoCue Ltd., Dronfield, UK). Total cholesterol and triglycerides were analyzed using a dry chemical analyzer (Reflotron®Plus, Roche, DE).
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5

Measuring Lactate and CK in Athletes

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Blood samples for lactate measurement were collected by puncturing the athlete’s ear lobe using sterile lancets before and 5 min after each CWET test. The puncture site was cleaned with alcohol, dried and the first drop of blood was discarded. The blood collected (25 μL) was quickly transferred to Eppendorf tubes containing 50 μL of 1% sodium fluoride (NaF) and analyzed by electroenzymatic lactimeter (YSI 1500 – Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA; Simoes et al, 2013 (link)). Lactate was used to infer muscle fatigue.
CK was analyzed from 4.5mL of blood collected from the antecubital vein, before and 5 min after each CWET test. This blood was collected in heparinized tubes, centrifuged at 3000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C and the heparinized plasma was immediately pipetted into Eppendorf tubes and stored at −80 °C until analysis on the Reflotron Plus® biochemical analyzer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany; Hornery, Farrow, Mujika, and Young, 2007 (link)), using 30 μL of heparinized plasma in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines.
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6

Renal Function and Electrolyte Measurements

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Oxygen partial pressure and perfusate concentrations of glucose and electrolytes were measured in a pH‐blood gas analyzer (ABL 815flex acid‐base laboratory, Radiometer, Copenhagen).
Enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and concentrations of creatinine were determined in a routine fashion by reflectance photometry on a Reflotron Plus point of care unit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).
Renal clearance was calculated for the respective intervals as urinary creatinine × urine flow/perfusate creatinine.
The albumin concentration in the urine fraction at the end of the experiment was measured photometrically using the dye‐binding assay with bromocresol green at the laboratory center of the university hospital and the amount of protein was normalized against the corresponding concentrations of creatinine as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.
The filtered load of sodium (FL Na) was calculated as FL = GFR × Na(perfusate).
Fractional re‐absorption of sodium (FR Na) has been determined according to: FRNa=(FLNaNa(urine)×urineflow)/FLNa
Filtered load and fractional reabsorption of glucose were calculated accordingly.
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7

Automated Amylase Quantification

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Amylase activity was measured via the colorimetric method using the biochemical analyzer Reflotron®Plus (Lot no. 11200658202, Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland). Serum was pipetted onto a reagent strip designed for the quantitative determination of amylase level, which was then inserted in an automated machine. The results were expressed as enzyme concentration (unit/liter).
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8

Renal Function Evaluation Protocol

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Serum levels of BUN and creatinine, as well as urine creatinine, were measured with an automatic analyser (Reflotron Plus; Roche Diagnostics, Barcelona, Spain). Creatinine clearance (Ccr) was calculated using the standard formula C=U×V/P, where C is the Ccr, U is the urine concentration of creatinine in mg/dL, V is the urine flow rate per minute in mL/min and P is the plasma concentration of creatinine in mg/dL (Cockcroft and Gault 1976 (link)).
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9

Serum GPT Measurement by Reflotron

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Serum levels of GPT were evaluated using Reflotron GPT (ALT) stripes and Reflotron Plus device (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Serum samples were diluted 1:3 in PBS prior to analyses.
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10

Anthropometric and Biochemical Assessments

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Anthropometric variables were evaluated according to the criteria proposed by the SEEDO in 2007 [28 (link)]. The parameters of weight and percentage of fat mass were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, with a TANITA MC-780® (TANITA Corporation of America, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL, USA). The height was measured with a TANITA rod (model Harpender). The patient’s BMI was determined from these data. Body fat distribution was analysed with the measurement of waist circumference. Each measurement was performed three times, in a non-consecutive way, by the same investigator. The biochemical parameters of cHDL, triacylglycerides (TG) and fasting basal glucose were analysed with the Reflotron®Plus (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) after an intravenous blood sample extraction at the beginning and at the end of the study.
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