Nicole is50

The amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen of the hemp stem and the obtained activated carbons (ACs) were characterized by CHN analysis (CHNS/O analyzer 628 series, Leco Corporation, USA). The porous textures of the samples were determined by N₂ sorption measurements at − 196 °C (BELsorp MiniX). The specific surface area was calculated using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (S_BET). Total pore volume was estimated from the N₂ adsorption amount at a relative pressure of 0.99 (V_total). The micropore volume was calculated using the Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) equation (V_micro)²⁴ . The obtained ACs were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Nicole iS50, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in transmission mode (2.5 wt% in KBr). The number of scans and resolution were 16 and 4, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed using a Kratos AXIS NOVA instrument (Shimadzu Co.). The charge-up shift correction was conducted by setting the C 1s binding energy level of the samples to 284.5 eV. The ACs were also subjected to transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL: JEM 3100F) to investigate pore structure and morphology of the samples.

Infrared spectra of MoS₂ nanosheets and functionalized MoS₂ nanosheets were recorded with a Thermo Scientific Nicole iS50 FT-IR using an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) stage. The tool was equipped with a deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) detector and KBr window. A Harrick VariGATR sampling stage with a 65° Germanium ATR crystal was used in this study. ATR-FTIR specimens were prepared by drop casting the solutions on silicon wafer with 300 nm SiO₂ as substrate. The contact area was about 1 cm². All spectra were recorded between 4000 and 600 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ and 256 scans.