Ticarcillin clavulanic acid

The susceptibility to the commercial antibiotics of the bacterial isolates was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Antibiotics used against Gram-positive bacteria included cefoxitin, benzyl-penicillin, oxacillin, imipenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, inducible clindamycin resistance, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, fusidic acid, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. On the other hand, antibiotics used against Gram-negative bacteria included temocillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, tigecycline, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, pefloxacin, minocycline, colistin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Himedia Labs, Mumbai, India) [19 ].

The antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by the Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar, as per Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines [5 ]. The antibiotics tested were as follows (potency in μg/disc): Ampicillin (10), Cefuroxime (30), Cefotaxime (30), Piperacillin (100), Ticarcillin (75), Piperacillin-Tazobactam (100/10), Ticarcillin-Clavulanic acid (75/10), Ceftazidime (30), Cefepime (30), Aztreonam (30), Imipenem (10), Meropenem (10), Ertapenem (10), Colistin (10), Gentamicin (10), Tobramycin (10), Amikacin (30), Netilmicin (30), CiprOfloxacin (5), LevOfloxacin (5), Lomefloxacin (10), and Ofloxacin (5) (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India). P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were used as quality control strains.

Antibiotic discs consisting of amikacin (30 μg), amoxyclav (30 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), ampicillin/sulbactum (10 μg/10 μg), cefixime (5 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), cefuroxime (30 μg), cefuroxime axetil (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), co-trimoxazole (25 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), ofloxacin (5 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (75/10 μg) were purchased from Himedia, India. The susceptibility test of Bacillus strains was done as described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [26 ].