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5 protocols using alexa fluor 488 goat α rabbit igg

1

Visualization of Tsetse Fly Milk Gland and Fat Body

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Milk gland tubules and fat body were removed from tsetse fly females at six-seven days after the previous birth. The combined milk gland/fat body was placed into Carnoy’s fixative for a five-six day fixation period.4 (link),72 (link) Antisense/sense digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes for cct1 were generated using the MAXIscript T7 transcription kit following manufacturer’s protocol (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) using a primer set with a T7 primer (Table S1). Antibody solutions were made using α-Digoxigenin-rhodamine, Fab fragments (Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany) for FISH probe detection (1:200 dilution) and rabbit α-GmmMGP (1:2500) antibodies. Alexa Fluor 488 goat α-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen) at a dilution of 1:500 was added as a secondary antibody for immunohistochemistry.4 (link),72 (link) Slides were mounted in VECTASHIELD Mounting Medium with DAPI (Vector laboratories Inc. Burlingame, CA, USA). Samples were observed using a Zeiss Axioskop2 microscope (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY, USA) equipped with a fluorescent filter and viewed and imaged at 400× magnification. Images were captured using an Infinity1 USB 2.0 camera and software (Lumenera Corporation, Ottawa, ON, Canada) and merged in Adobe Photoshop.
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2

Localizing Milk Gland Proteins in Postpartum Tissue

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Milk gland tubules intertwined with fat body were collected from mothers 0–2 hours after parturition. The combined milk gland/fat body was placed into Carnoy’s fixative for a five-six day fixation period [36 (link)]. Antisense/sense digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes were generated using the MAXIscript T7 transcription kit following manufacturer's protocol (Ambion, Austin, TX) using a primer set with a T7 primer (S1 Table) [36 (link)]. Antibody solutions were made using α -Digoxigenin-rhodamine Fab fragments (Roche) for FISH probe detection (1:200 dilution) and rabbit α -GmmMGP (1:2500) antibodies [21 (link), 36 (link)]. Alexa Fluor 488 goat α -rabbit IgG (Invitrogen) at a dilution of 1:500 was added as a secondary antibody for immunohistochemistry [36 (link)]. Slides were mounted in VECTASHIELD Mounting Medium with DAPI (Vector laboratories Inc. Burlingame, CA). Samples were observed using a Zeiss Axioskop2 microscope (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) equipped with a fluorescent filter and viewed and imaged at 400x magnification. Images were captured using an Infinity1 USB 2.0 camera and software (Lumenera Corporation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) and merged in Adobe Photoshop.
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3

BMP2 Signaling in Myoblast Differentiation

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C2C12 cells were transfected as described. Where indicated, cells were starved in serum-free DMEM for 3 hours and stimulated with 10 nM BMP2 24 h post-transfection. Cells were harvested and fixed/permeabilised by incubation in ice cold 100% EtOH overnight at −20°C. After blocking in 1% BSA/1x PBS cells were co-stained with anti-myc tag (Cell Signaling), anti-Smad1 (Cell Signaling) or anti-Smad5 (Proteintech) antibodies recognized by R-phycoerythrin goat-α-mouse (#P852, Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor®488 goat-α-rabbit IgG (#A11034, Invitrogen) antibodies. Immortalised human myoblasts were differentiated at confluence using OptiMEM containing 2% HS in the absence or presence of 10 nM BMP2. Cells were harvested and fixed/permeabilised using EtOH. Cells were stained using an α-IRS4 antibody (Origene) recognised by Alexa Fluor®488 goat-α-rabbit IgG antibody (#A11034, Invitrogen); as control nonspecific isotype control IgG (#3900, Cell Signaling) was used. Measurements were performed using an Epics XL-MCL flow cytometer (Beckman-Coulter). Data were evaluated using FCS3.0 Express (Denovo Software).
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Pancreatic Islets

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Pancreata were harvested and fixed in 4% PFA. Paraffin embedding, sectioning, and slide preparations were done in the SBP Histopathology Core Facility. Sections were stained with the following antibodies; α-glucagon (Abcam, K79bB10), α-PDIA1 (Proteintech, 11245–1-AP), α-proinsulin (HyTest Ltd., 2PR8, CCI-17), and DAPI (Fisher Scientific). Guinea pig polyclonal α-insulin antibody was produced in-house. For secondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor 488 goat α-rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 488 goat α-mouse IgG, Alexa Fluor 594 goat α-mouse IgG, and Alexa Fluor 594 goat α-guinea pig IgG antibodies were used (Invitrogen). Images were taken by Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope with a 40X objective lens. Scale bar, 20 µm.
For ß cell area measurement, pancreata were harvested, fixed in 4% PFA and embedded in paraffin. Three sections were prepared at 200 µm intervals for each pancreas and stained with guinea pig polyclonal insulin antibody and DAPI. Alexa Fluor 594 goat α-guinea pig IgG was used as a secondary antibody. Images were taken by an Aperio FL Scanner (Leica). Insulin stained ß cell area, islet area, and pancreas area were measured by Aperio Imagescope software.
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5

Quantifying Myeloid Cell Subsets in Thymus

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Thymic sections (7-µm) were stained with rabbit αKeratin 5 (Covance), biotin αDEC-205 (BioLegend), and Alexa Fluor 647 αCD11c (eBioscience) followed by Alexa Fluor 488 goat αrabbit IgG (Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor 594 streptavidin (Invitrogen). Images (10×) were acquired using a LSM 710 spectral laser-scanning confocal microscope and ZEN software (Zeiss). Image analysis was performed in ImageJ: channels were split and converted to binary with automatic thresholding (negative = 0; positive = 255). Mean intensity of CD11c was measured for a given area of Keratin 5+ medulla or DEC-205+ cortex. This was performed for 3 separate medulla and cortex zones per image, averaged, and recorded as 1 data point.
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