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2 protocols using glut1 and glut4

1

Metabolic Profiling of Heart Tissue

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Snap-frozen heart samples were homogenized and lysed in a buffer containing 25 mM Tris·HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EGTA, 5 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, and a protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich). Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford reagent (Sigma-Aldrich). Tissue homogenates were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes followed by Western blot analysis. Antibodies used were as follows: glucose transporters 1 and 4 (GLUT1 and GLUT4; Abcam), LDHA (Proteintech), hexokinase 1 (Abcam), PDK4 (Abcam), pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α (PDH-E1α; Abcam), phospho-PDH-E1α (S293, p-PDH-E1α; Abcam), pyruvate carboxylase (Santa Cruz), glutamine synthetase (Abcam), glutaminase (Abcam), O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNac RL2; Abcam), glutamine fructose amidotransferase-2 (GFAT2; Abcam), and GAPDH (Sigma-Aldrich).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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Western blot was carried out as we detailed previously (23 (link)). Primary antibodies used for this assay include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), GAPDH, Lamin B1, DUSP5, Histone H3 and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), acetyl-Histone H3 (Millipore, Billerica, CA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, Alpha Diagnostic International, San Antonio, TX, USA), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (p-JNK), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), glucose transporter type 1 and 4 (GLUT1 and GLUT4) (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, JNK, p-p38, p38, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), p-Akt, Akt, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), p-AMPKα, HDAC3 and acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys9/Lys14) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1, BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA). The protein blot on the nitrocellulose membrane was captured by the ChemiDoc Touch Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and was normalized to that of GAPDH or β-actin.
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