Dried feed and refusal samples were ground with a Model 4 Wiley mill (A. H. Thomas Scientific) to pass through a 1-mm screen. Ash was determined after heating ground feed samples for 8 h in a muffle furnace (500°C). An Ankom200 fiber analyzer (Ankom Technology) with the addition of neutral detergent, heat-stable α-amylase, and sodium sulfite was used to determine NDF of feed samples using Ankom fiber filter bags (pore size = 25 μm; Van Soest, et al., 1991) (link). Feed ADF content was assessed using the Ankom200 fiber analyzer and the same Ankom fiber filter bags previously described (Ankom Technology; Van Soest et al., 1991) (link). Both NDF and ADF analysis included ash in the sample. Crude protein was calculated as N × 6.25 after quantification of total N by combustion analysis (Vario El Cube CN analyzer, Elementar Americas Inc.). Starch concentrations were determined using the acetate buffer method of Hall (2009) (link) with α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (FAA, Ankom Technology) and amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger (E-AMGDF, Megazyme International).
Ankom 200 fiber analyzer
Manufactured by ANKOM Technology
Sourced in United States
The Ankom 200 Fiber Analyzer is a lab equipment designed to analyze the fiber content of various samples. It provides quantitative measurements of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) in a rapid and automated manner.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
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Trumac, by Leco (6 mentions)
Vario micro cube, by Elementar (5 mentions)
Of 22gw, by Jeio Tech (2 mentions)
Model fp 528, by Leco (2 mentions)
F57 filter bags, by ANKOM Technology (2 mentions)
Ankom daisy, by ANKOM Technology (2 mentions)
Udk 129, by VELP Scientifica (2 mentions)
Dk 20, by VELP Scientifica (2 mentions)
6400 automatic isoperibol calorimeter, by Parr (2 mentions)
Muffle furnace, by Nabertherm (1 mentions)
1201 oxygen bomb calorimeter, by Parr (1 mentions)
Ankom dietary fiber analyzer, by ANKOM Technology (1 mentions)
Model f57, by ANKOM Technology (1 mentions)
Milkoscan ft 120, by Foss (1 mentions)
Ankomxt10 fat extractor, by ANKOM Technology (1 mentions)
Fp 528 nitrogen analyzer, by Leco (1 mentions)
Gc 2010 gas chromatograph, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Aoc 20, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Wiley mill, by Thomas Scientific (1 mentions)
α amylase, by ANKOM Technology (1 mentions)
95 protocols using ankom 200 fiber analyzer
1
Analytical Methods for Feed Composition
2
Forage Nutritional Composition Analysis
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Samples were analyzed in duplicates by wet chemistry procedures for concentrations of CP (method 984.13; AOAC, 2006 ), NDF (Van Soest et al., 1991 (link); modified for use in an Ankom-200 fiber analyzer, Ankom Technology Corp.), ADF (method 973.18 modified for use in an Ankom-200 fiber analyzer; Ankom Technology Corp., Fairport, NY; AOAC, 2006 ), and ash (method 942.05; AOAC, 2012 ). Calculations for TDN used the equation proposed by Owens et al. (2010) (link). The nutritional composition of the forage substrate was 94.3% DM, 11.1% CP, 65.2% NDF, 43.7% ADF, 11.2% ash, and 61.5% TDN.
3
Analyzing Feed Composition and Soil Minerals
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Samples of daily feed offered and refused were collected, weighed and separately stored for each animal in bags and kept in a room with adequate natural ventilation until the end of the experimental period. Then feed samples were thoroughly mixed, sub samples were taken to Hawassa University Nutrition Laboratory. The DM content of the feed was determined by drying the samples at 105C overnight. Ash content of the sample was determined by combusting the samples at 550C for 5h in a muffle furnace. N content was determined using the Kjeldahl method and CP was calculated as N% × 6.25 (AOAC, 1995) . NDF contents were analyzed using the method of Van Soest et al. (1991) whereas, ADF and ADL contests were determined according to Van Soest and Robertson (1985) using ANKOM® 200 Fiber Analyzer. All samples were analyzed in duplicates. In regard to bole soil, mineral mix and salt were sampled and taken to the Debre Zeit laboratory. Macro minerals (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na and S) and trace minerals (Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn) were analyzed using the method of Mehlich (1984) in Mehlich 3 soil test extractant.
4
Nutrient Composition and Body Weight Analysis
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The FA composition of the FO was analysed by gas chromatography [24 (link)]. Samples of the concentrate pellets were taken twice weekly, and composited into weekly samples, before storage at − 20 °C pending analysis for DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, ash, gross energy (GE) and percentage oil. Samples were milled through a 1-mm screen using a Christy and Norris hammer mill (Christy and Norris Process Engineers Ltd., Chelmsford, UK); DM was determined by oven drying at 104 °C for a minimum of 16 h. Ash was determined on all materials after ignition of a known weight of ground material in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Bremen, Germany) at 550 °C for 4 h. The neutral and acid detergent fibre concentrations of the concentrate were obtained using an Ankom-200 fiber analyzer (Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY) [25 (link)]. The crude protein content (total N × 6.25) was determined with a Leco FP 528 nitrogen analyzer (Leco Instruments UK Ltd., Newby Road, Hazel Grove, Stockport, Cheshire, UK) [26 (link)]. Ether extract was determined with a Soxtec instrument (Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden), while GE was determined with a Parr 1201 oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr, Moline IL).
Body weight gain was calculated by fitting a linear regression through body weights recorded during the experiment.
Body weight gain was calculated by fitting a linear regression through body weights recorded during the experiment.
5
Comprehensive Nutritional Analysis of Milk
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Dry matter (DM, AOAC 930.15), ash (methods 942.15), crude protein (CP, methods 990.03) and ether extract (EE, method 920.39) contents were determined following the AOAC (2006) procedures. According to the methods of AOAC (2007), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and total dietary fiber (TDF) were analyzed by using the Ankom Dietary Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY, USA). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were detected using the filter bags (Model F57; Ankom Technology) and fiber analyzer equipment (ANKOM200 Fiber Analyzer, Ankom Technology). The milk samples were separately analyzed for the concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, and DM using a Milko-Scan FT 120 (Foss Electric, Hillerford, Denmark).
6
Livestock Feed Composition Analysis
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Feed was pooled and analyzed for dry matter (80ºC for 48 hours), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, Ankom200 Fiber Analyzer, ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY), crude protein (CP, Kjeldahl N x 6.25), lipids (Ether extract, XT101 ANKOM Technology Method 2) and ash (Table 1 ) (19 ).
7
Detailed Nutrient Analysis of Dried Animal Feeds
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Diet and ort samples were dried using a forced air oven (65 °C; The Grieve Corporation, Round Lake, IL) for a minimum of 48 h for determination of DM content. Dried feed samples were ground using a Wiley Mill (Arthur H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, PA) to pass a 2-mm screen. Feed samples were analyzed for DM, ash, CP, phosphorus, calcium, (methods 934.01, 942.05, 2001.11, 965.17, and 968.08, respectively; AOAC, 2010 ). Sulfur was analyzed on a Combustion Analyzer (LECO CNS928; St. Joseph, MI). Concentrations of NDF (Van Soest et al., 1991 (link); as modified by Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY) and ADF (Goering and Van Soest, 1970 , as modified by Ankom Technology) were determined using an Ankom 200 Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY).
8
Nutrient Composition Analysis of Feed Ingredients
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For nutrient composition analysis, individual feed ingredients were collected monthly and composited and dried at 55°C for a minimum of 3 d and ground through a 1-mm screen using a Wiley mill (Arthur, H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA). Forage samples were collected from pastures on a monthly basis and composited and dried similarly. Ground feed samples were analyzed for CP (Leco TruMac, LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI), NDF and ADF using an Ankom 200 Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY), and crude fat using an Ankom XT10 fat extractor (Ankom Technology). Ground forage samples were also analyzed for NDF, ADF, and CP. Forage and feed samples were also sent to a commercial lab where they were subjected to nitric acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy analysis for complete minerals (method 975.03: AOAC, 1988 ; The Ohio State University, Service Testing and Research Lab, Wooster, OH).
9
Forage Nutrient Composition Analysis
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Oven-dried samples were ground in a Wiley mill (Model 4, Thomas-Wiley Laboratory Mill, Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, New Jersey) to pass a 1-mm stainless steel screen. Nitrogen concentration was determined by dry combustion using a LECO FP-528 Nitrogen Analyzer (LECO, St. Joseph, MI). crude protein (CP) was determined by multiplying N concentration by 6.25. The NDF concentration was analyzed according to ANKOM (2017b) , with the inclusion of heat-stable α-amylase and sodium sulfite. Lignin concentration was determined by digesting samples in 72% sulfuric acid (ANKOM Technology 2020 ) after samples were analyzed for acid detergent fiber (ADF) in an ANKOM fiber analyzer (ADF) using the method of Van Soest et al. (1991) (link) adapted for an ANKOM 200 Fiber Analyzer (ANKOM Technology, Macedon, NY)..
10
Determination of Alkanes in Forage and Feces
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The determination of alkanes present in the forage and feces followed the protocol proposed by Dove and Mayes (2006) (link). The identification and quantification of alkanes were made by gas chromatography using a Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector, a spool auto-sampler AOC-20S, and an injector auto-injector AOC20i. The extracted n-alkanes were injected (1 µL) into a column Restek Rtx R -5 (30 m, 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm, absorbent composed by 5% diphenyl and 95% polysiloxane dimitil). For more details, please see Savian et al. (2014) (link).
Herbage samples were also analyzed by ash and N according to AOAC (1990) (methods numbers 942.05 and 984.13, respectively). NDF and ADF were measured sequentially (Van Soest et al., 1991; (link) without sodium sulfite in the neutral detergent solution) using an ANKOM200 Fiber Analyzer (ANKOM Technology Corp., Fairport, NY, USA). NDF was assayed with a heat stable amylase. Fiber concentrations were expressed following a correction for ash.
Herbage samples were also analyzed by ash and N according to AOAC (1990) (methods numbers 942.05 and 984.13, respectively). NDF and ADF were measured sequentially (Van Soest et al., 1991; (link) without sodium sulfite in the neutral detergent solution) using an ANKOM200 Fiber Analyzer (ANKOM Technology Corp., Fairport, NY, USA). NDF was assayed with a heat stable amylase. Fiber concentrations were expressed following a correction for ash.
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