A commercial yoghurt starter culture (YOFLEX®—consisting of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) and three probiotic strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LGG, Lacticaseibacillus casei 431, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12) were kindly supplied by Chr. Hansen, Bayswater, VIC, Australia. Powdered skim milk (Australian instant skim milk powder, Coles) was obtained from a local supermarket in Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Pancreatin was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Mangiferin, pyrogallol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, porcine pepsin, α-amylase from aspergillus oryzae, p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, bile salts, LC-MS grade formic acid, acetic acid, 4-methyl valeric acid, guar, casein, tryptone, cysteine HCl, peptone, mucin, pectin, potato starch, yeast extract, and MRS agar were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Sodium carbonate (anhydrous), HCl, NaHCO3, NaOH, (NH4)2CO3, KCl, NaCl, KH2PO4, MgCl2(H2O)6, CaCl2, K2HPO4, Na3PO4, MgSO4.7H2O Tween 80, orthophosphoric acid, acetonitrile, and methanol of HPLC grade were acquired from Chem-supply Pty Ltd. (Melbourne, VIC, Australia).
Potassium chloride (kcl)
Manufactured by Chem-Supply
Sourced in Australia
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a white crystalline compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is an ionic salt composed of one potassium (K+) and one chloride (Cl-) ion. KCl is a water-soluble substance that is often used as a reference standard or electrolyte in various scientific experiments and applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Chem-Supply (7 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Chem-Supply (5 mentions)
Nahco3, by Chem-Supply (4 mentions)
Nh4 2co3, by Chem-Supply (4 mentions)
Mgcl2 h2o 6, by Chem-Supply (4 mentions)
Cacl2, by Chem-Supply (4 mentions)
K2hpo4, by Chem-Supply (4 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Chem-Supply (4 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Porcine pepsin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
P nitrophenyl α d glucopyranoside, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bile salt, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pancreatin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Lc ms grade formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Kh2po4, by Chem-Supply (2 mentions)
Na3po4, by Chem-Supply (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Chem-Supply (2 mentions)
11 protocols using potassium chloride (kcl)
1
Yoghurt Starter Culture and Probiotics
2
Flavonoid Extraction and Purification
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4,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone was obtained from Alfa Aesar, England, UK; Anhydrous sodium sulphate and dichloromethane were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Spectra/Por® Dialysis Membrane (molecular weight cut-off (MWCO): 3500 Da) was sourced from Repligen, Waltham, MA, USA. Methanol, toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid were obtained from Ajax Finechem Pvt Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia. NaCl and KCl were sourced from ChemSupply Pty Ltd., Gillman, South Australia and Na2HPO4 and KH2PO4 were purchased from Ajax Finechem, New South Wales, Australia. Blu Tack© was obtained from Officeworks, Perth, Australia.
3
Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Assays
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Caffeic acid, quercetin, quercetin-3-galactoside, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, luteolin, phloretin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, catechin, quercetin, procyanidin B1, pyrogallol, epicatechin 3′-O-gallate, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, polydatin, Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent (FCR), α-amylase from aspergillus oryzae, porcine pepsin, acarbose, rat intestinal powder, ammonium molybdate, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, potassium persulfate, bile salts, LC-MS grade formic acid, and HPLC grade acetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Pancreatin was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). NaCl, Na2CO3, KCl, NaOH, HCl, NaHCO3, (NH4)2CO3, MgCl2(H2O)6, CaCl2, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, Na3PO4, HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Chem-supply Pty Ltd. (Melbourne, VIC, Australia).
4
Probiotic Bacteria and Cocoa Compounds Interaction
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The L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus probiotic bacteria were used from the stock culture collections in the Food Microbiology Laboratory at the University of Melbourne. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), Na-alginate, enzymes (salivary α-amylase, porcine pepsin, pancreatin), HCl, acetone, acetic acid, epicatechin, catechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). A standard mixture of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The selective media DeMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS), nutrient agar & broth, AnaeroGen sachets, yeast extract, beef extract, protease peptone, n-hexadecane, L-cysteine hydrochloride, bile salts, and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Pty Ltd (Melbourne, VIC, Australia). NaOH, phosphate-buffered saline, CaCl2, dextrose, K2HPO4, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4·7H2O, NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3, MgCl2(H2O)6, (NH4)2CO3, potassium persulfate, potassium acetate, aluminum chloride were ordered from the Chem-Supply Pty Ltd. (Melbourne, VIC, Australia). Chocolates with 45% and 70% cocoa mass, cocoa powder (pure), cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, sugar, soy lecithin were purchased from local supermarket (VIC, Australia).
5
Probiotic Encapsulation and Gut Simulation
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The L. rhamnosus LGG strain was kindly provided by Chr. Hansen, Bayswater, VIC, Australia. Na-alginate, Fructooligosaccharides-FOS, hi-maize resistant starch, skim milk powder and enzymes (salivary α-amylase, porcine pepsin, pancreatin), acetone, HCl, acetic acid were bought from Sigma Aldrich (NSW, Australia). Whey protein concentrate was gifted by Murray Goulburn Co-operative Co. Limited (Victoria, Australia). The nutrient agar & broth, selective media DeMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS), AnaeroGen sachets, beef extract, yeast extract, protease peptone, bile salts, and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher (Thermo Fisher Scientific Pty Ltd, VIC. Australia). NaOH, phosphate-buffered saline, CaCl 2 , dextrose, K 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 •7H 2 O, NaCl, KCl, NaHCO 3 , MgCl 2 (H 2 O) 6 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , potassium acetate, aluminium chloride, potassium persulfate were procured from the Chem-Supply Pty Ltd, (Melbourne, Australia)
6
Synthesis and Characterization of EuBDC-OMe
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All chemicals were used as received unless otherwise stated. Ultrapure water (Milli-Q, resistivity (ρ) = 18.2 MΩ‧cm @ 25 °C) was obtained from Milipore Advantage A10. Methanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from UNICHROM Ajax 2314. Dimethyl sulfoxide—D6 (D, 99.9%) was obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. Deuterium chloride solution (35 wt% in D2O, ≥ 99% atom % D), KMnO4 (≥ 99%), 2,5-dimethylanisole (99.0%), and Eu(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%), FeCl2 (99.99%) and FeCl3 (99.99%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Australia). HCl (36.5%) was purchased from ACI Labscan. KCl (99.0%), NaCl (99.7%), CaCl2·2H2O (98.0%), ZnCl2 (98.0%), CuCl2·2H2O (97.0%), AgNO3 (99.0%) and MnSO4·H2O (98.0%) were purchased from ChemSupply (Australia). MgCl2·6H2O (99.0%), Pb(NO3)2 (99.0%) was purchased from Fisher Scientific. For synthesis of EuBDC-OMe, Eu(NO3)3 and 2-methoxyterephthalic acid were used. 2-Methoxyterephthalic acid was prepared according to a literature procedure23 (link) using 2,5-dimethylanisole and KMnO4.
7
Standard Analytical Reagent Procurement
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Analytical grade acetone, acetic acid, anhydrous sodium acetate, ethanol, hexane, hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sulfuric acid were obtained from Chem Supply (Port Adelaide, South Australia, Australia). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol, acetonitrile, formic acid, and ammonium acetate as well as analytical standards (Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, vanillin, gallic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, (+)-catechin, coumestrol, formononetin, genistein, and naringenin) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Australia).
8
Dietary Fiber Characterization Protocol
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The dietary fibre samples were purchased from various commercial suppliers in Australia and the labelled dietary information on the products is shown in Table 1 . The following chemical standards with reported analytical purity were procured from multiple suppliers. Sodium chloride (99.7%), potassium chloride (99.0%), sodium bicarbonate (99.7%) and hydrochloric acid (32.0%) were purchased from Chem-Supply (Gillman, SA, Australia). The pepsin (99.0%) reference standard was procured from European Pharmacopoeia (Strasbourg, France) and α-amylase (99.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). The purified de-ionized water used in the analyses (>18 MΩ.cm) was obtained from a MilliQ™ Advantage A10 system with a Q-POD from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
9
Comprehensive Chemical Extraction and Analytical Protocols
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The majority of chemicals utilized for extraction, identification, and quantification were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St.
Louis, MO, USA) and were of analytical grade, which contain potassium persulfate, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), quercetin, vanillin, catechin, gallic acid monohydrate, and Trolox. The chemicals anhydrous sodium carbonate, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium chloride were obtained from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd. (Adelaide, SA, Australia). Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Waltham, MA, USA) supplied acetic acid, ethanol, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, n-butanol, hydrogen peroxide, trisodium phosphate and sodium carbonate. Polyvinylpolyrrolidone, Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, Iron(III) chloride, Iron(II) chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazinep,p'-disulfonic acid monosodium salt hydrate, tannic acid, escin, cyanidin chloride, ammonium molybdate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, potassium ferricyanide(III), and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) as well.
Louis, MO, USA) and were of analytical grade, which contain potassium persulfate, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), quercetin, vanillin, catechin, gallic acid monohydrate, and Trolox. The chemicals anhydrous sodium carbonate, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium chloride were obtained from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd. (Adelaide, SA, Australia). Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Waltham, MA, USA) supplied acetic acid, ethanol, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, n-butanol, hydrogen peroxide, trisodium phosphate and sodium carbonate. Polyvinylpolyrrolidone, Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, Iron(III) chloride, Iron(II) chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazinep,p'-disulfonic acid monosodium salt hydrate, tannic acid, escin, cyanidin chloride, ammonium molybdate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, potassium ferricyanide(III), and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) as well.
10
Antimicrobial Compounds Characterization
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Arbutin (≥98%), hydroquinone (ReagentPlus),
deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6), glycerol (99%), and sea salts were bought from Sigma-Aldrich.
Ethanol (100% undenatured), disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen
phosphate, sodium hypochlorite solution (8–12.5%), and potassium
chloride were bought from Chem-Supply. KCl was purified by calcination
(8 h at 550 °C), recrystallization, and a second calcination
(8 h at 550 °C). Soybean peroxidase was bought from Bio-Research
Products Inc. Columbia horse
blood agar plates and TSB were acquired from Oxoid. Artificial seawater
was prepared from the sea salts from Sigma-Aldrich (38 g/L). Deionized
water was used for the bacterial testing and Milli-Q water for all
other experiments.
deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6), glycerol (99%), and sea salts were bought from Sigma-Aldrich.
Ethanol (100% undenatured), disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen
phosphate, sodium hypochlorite solution (8–12.5%), and potassium
chloride were bought from Chem-Supply. KCl was purified by calcination
(8 h at 550 °C), recrystallization, and a second calcination
(8 h at 550 °C). Soybean peroxidase was bought from Bio-Research
Products Inc. Columbia horse
blood agar plates and TSB were acquired from Oxoid. Artificial seawater
was prepared from the sea salts from Sigma-Aldrich (38 g/L). Deionized
water was used for the bacterial testing and Milli-Q water for all
other experiments.
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