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3 protocols using sodium bicarbonate

1

Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass to Fuels

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Sodium pyruvate,
citric acid, sodium citrate, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), and magnesium
chloride were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA) for
the determination of enzyme activity and reaction media. Ethanol,
potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, and sodium bicarbonate were obtained
from Scharlab, S.L. (Barcelona, Spain) for the determination of enzyme
activity and reaction media. Acetoin and lactic acid standards were
obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA) and used as analytical
standards for gas chromatography and LC–MS analysis, respectively.
NADH and NAD+ were obtained from Bontac Bioengineering
Co. (Shenzhen, China) as reaction cofactors. Carbon dioxide gas as
well as gas mixture mimicking real blast furnace off-gases composition
[24.5% CO2, 46.6% N2, 23.9% CO, 1.2% O2, and 3.8% H2] was obtained from Carburos Metalicos (Barcelona,
Spain). PDC from Zymobacter palmae (ZpPDC) was produced
according to Alcover et al.27 (link) PDC from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScPDC), ADH
from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScADH) and Thermotoga maritima LDH
(TmLDH) were produced according to Benito et al. (see Supporting Information).28 (link)
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2

Multi-step Analytical Reagent Protocol

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All the reagents were analytical-reagent grade. Ultrapure water (18 MΩ/SCF), prepared with a Milli-Q Reference Water Purification (Millipore, Madrid, Spain), was used throughout. All glassware and plastic containers were soaked in 50% nitric acid overnight and 20% Hydrochloric acid, also overnight, and rinsed three times with de-ionized water prior to use. Sodium bicarbonate (97%) was obtained from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (98%), and magnesium oxide (98%) from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Hydrochloric acid (35%) and hyperpure nitric acid (65%) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Lanthanum chloride was supplied by Perkin Elmer (Madrid, Spain).
Digestive enzymes and bile salts were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Working solutions of these enzymes were prepared immediately before use. Pepsin (3.2 g, P-7000 from porcine gastric mucosa) was dissolved in 20 mL of HCl (0.1 M). Pancreatin (0.6 g, P-3292 from porcine pancreas) and bile salts (3.9 g, B-8756 of porcine origin) were dissolved in 150 mL NaHCO3 (0.1 M).
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3

Trace Element Analysis in Food Samples

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All the reagents were analytical-reagent grade. Ultrapure water (18 M/SCF), prepared with a Milli-Q Reference Water Purification (Millipore, Madrid, Spain), was used throughout. All glassware and plastic containers were soaked in 50% nitric acid overnight and 20% hydrochloric acid, also overnight, and rinsed three times with de-ionized water prior to use. Hyperpure nitric acid (65%) and hydrochloric acid (35%) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Lanthanum chloride was supplied by Perkin Elmer (Madrid, Spain). Sodium bicarbonate (97%) was obtained from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (98%) and magnesium oxide (98%) from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany) Digestive enzymes and bile salts were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Working solutions of these enzymes were prepared immediately before use. Pepsin (3.2 g, P-7000 from porcine gastric mucosa) was dissolved in 20 ml of HCl (0.1 M). Pancreatin (0.6 g, P-3292 from porcine pancreas) and bile salts (3.9 g, B-8756 of porcine origin) were dissolved in 150 ml NaHCO3 (0.1 M).
Standard solutions for Se, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn and Ca were prepared immediately before use by dilution with distilled deionized water from 1000 mg/ L standard solutions (Certipur -Merck, Darmstad, Germany).
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