citric acid, sodium citrate, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), and magnesium
chloride were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA) for
the determination of enzyme activity and reaction media. Ethanol,
potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, and sodium bicarbonate were obtained
from Scharlab, S.L. (Barcelona, Spain) for the determination of enzyme
activity and reaction media. Acetoin and lactic acid standards were
obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA) and used as analytical
standards for gas chromatography and LC–MS analysis, respectively.
NADH and NAD+ were obtained from Bontac Bioengineering
Co. (Shenzhen, China) as reaction cofactors. Carbon dioxide gas as
well as gas mixture mimicking real blast furnace off-gases composition
[24.5% CO2, 46.6% N2, 23.9% CO, 1.2% O2, and 3.8% H2] was obtained from Carburos Metalicos (Barcelona,
Spain). PDC from Zymobacter palmae (ZpPDC) was produced
according to Alcover et al.27 (link) PDC from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScPDC), ADH
from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScADH) and Thermotoga maritima LDH
(TmLDH) were produced according to Benito et al. (see