The IronQ complex was synthesized according to our previous research work [25 (link)]. Shortly, 0.0050 mol of quercetin hydrate (Sigma, USA) was supplemented to 500 mL HPLC-methanol (Sigma, USA) with continued stir until complete dissolution of quercetin hydrate, showing the yellow solution. The pH of the solution was then slowly adjusted to 12 based on the addition of NaOH solution to obtain a deprotonated form of quercetin. 0.0025 mol Iron (III) chloride (Sigma, USA) in 500 mL ultrapure water (up water) was then blended with the above solution until the solution color turned to dark yellow, which was followed by incubation with a continuous stirring for 2 h at 60 °C. And then the final solution was purified and evaporated to dryness. The dark powder product was collected and stored it away from light at room temperature (RT).
Quercetin hydrate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Quercetin hydrate is a crystalline solid chemical compound used in laboratory research. It is a flavonoid found naturally in various plant sources. Quercetin hydrate has a molecular formula of C15H10O7·2H2O and a molar mass of 338.27 g/mol. It is commonly used as a reference standard in analytical procedures.
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Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions)
Curcumin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tannic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Rutin hydrate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Myricetin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Kaempferol 3 glucoside, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Iron 3 chloride, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
37 protocols using quercetin hydrate
1
Synthesis of the IronQ Complex
2
Synthesis and Characterization of PLGA-Chitosan Nanoparticles
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Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) (lactide/glycolide ratio of 50:50, molecular weight 7000–17,000 with acid end groups, low molecular weight chitosan, anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), folic acid, sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH), glacial acetic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (MW 23,000–28,000) (PVA), quercetin hydrate, dialysis tubing (MWCO 14 KDa), sodium carbonate, methanol, PBS buffer tablets (pH 7.4), fluorescein iso-thiocyanate (FITC), and tween80 were purchased from Merck (Pty) Ltd., Estate South, Modderfontein, Gauteng, South Africa.
3
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocol
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The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, sodium acetate, absolute ethanol, potassium chloride, formic acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), aluminum chloride, quercetin hydrate, anhydrous sodium carbonate, and L-ascorbic acid were purchased from Merck Life Science Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary). Methanol was provided by Reanal Laboratory Chemicals Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary), while hydrochloric acid was supplied by Biolab Inc. (Budapest, Hungary). High-purity deionized water (18 MΩ cm) was generated by a Zeener Power I (Human Corporation, Seoul, Korea) system.
4
Evaluation of Quercetin and DCFDA Effects
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Quercetin hydrate (≥95%) and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA, ≥97%) were procured from Merck, India. Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI-1640) medium, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), antibiotics, fetal bovine serum, hematoxylin, and eosin were purchased from Himedia Ltd., India. All other reagents, including Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Disodium hydrogen phosphate, and Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, were purchased from Loba Chemie, India, and were of analytical grade.
5
HPLC Analysis of Polyphenol Compounds
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PAH16 standards as listed in Table 1 were purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). HPLC-grade solvents (acetonitrile and dichloromethane) and analytical-grade solvents/chemical (methanol, 2-propanol, 1-buthanol, n-hexane and potassium hydroxide) were purchased from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand) and Ajax Finechem (Silverwater, NSW, Australia). The DADS and quercetin hydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
6
Colorimetric Determination of Total Flavonoids in ESF
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The method was modified to identify the total flavonoid content in ESF [31 (link)]. A colorimetric test was used to determine the total flavonoid concentration. A total of 860 μL of 80% EtOH was mixed with 100 μL of ESF. Then, 20 μL of 1M Potassium acetate (MENTOS Premade Solutions, Biostem, Suwon, Republic of Korea) was added, followed by 10% aluminum chloride (0.3 mL). The absorbance at 415 nm was measured 40 min later at 20 °C. Quercetin hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was utilized as the standard for the calibration curve. The ESF total flavonoid content was expressed as QE mg/g, indicating milligram Quercetin hydrate equivalents per gram of sample.
7
Grape Pomace Extraction and HPLC Analysis
8
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation by DPPH Assay
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All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), gallic acid monohydrate, and quercetin hydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while aluminium chloride, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, glacial acetic acid, methanol, ethanol, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium nitrite were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt-Germany). Double distilled water was used throughout the sample preparations and measurements. Stock standard solutions of gallic acid and quercetin were each prepared in double distilled water and ethanol.
9
Analytical Grade Chemical Reagents
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The chemicals used in this study—2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrezyl (DPPH), 2 N Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, polyvinyl polypyrolidone (PVPP), tannic acid, gallic acid, quercetin hydrate, rutin, Tocopherol standard solution, and Fehling’s solution—were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. All the chemicals were analytical grade, and no further purification of the chemicals was conducted.
10
Compound Stock Solution Preparation
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The catechin and rutin trihydrate were purchased from Fluka (St. Louis, MO, USA). Three compounds, including gallic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin hydrate were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Company (St. louis, MO, USA). The chemicals were dissolved in DMSO to a final stock concentration of 100 mM and stored at −80 °C. Each compound was serially diluted to various concentrations by using complete MEM.
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