·OH and ·O2− radicals were captured using DMPO as a spin‐trapping agent and measured by ESR. In a typical procedure for ·OH detection, samples (5 mg) were dispersed in Ar‐saturated H2O (2.5 mL). Then aqueous DMPO solution (30 µL, 2.0 m ) was added to the sample suspension, followed by vigorous shaking for 10 s. The mixture was irradiated either by light, ultrasound, or the combined light and ultrasound for 30 s and then analyzed by ESR (JEOL FA200). In a typical procedure for ·O2− detection, samples (5 mg) were dispersed in oxygen‐saturated methanol (2.5 mL). Then methanolic DMPO solution (50 µL, 0.2 m ) was added to the sample suspension, followed by vigorous shaking for 10 s. The mixture was irradiated either by light, ultrasound, or the combined light and ultrasound for 30 s and then analyzed by ESR (JEOL FA200). The ·O2− production was also monitored by NBT degradation. In a typical procedure, samples (2 mg) were dispersed in water (5 mL), followed by the addition of an aqueous NBT solution (125 µL, 1 × 10−3m ). The resulting mixture was stirred in the dark for 10 min. Subsequently, a xenon lamp was used as the light source to irradiate the mixture. After a certain time (10 min), 1 mL of the mixture was withdrawn and filtered using a 0.2 µm PTFE filter. The absorption of the filtrate at 259 nm was monitored by a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Jasco V‐730 BIO).
Fa200
Manufactured by JEOL
Sourced in Japan
The FA200 is a compact field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) designed for high-resolution imaging of a variety of samples. It features a cold field emission gun that provides a high-brightness electron beam, enabling high-resolution imaging at low accelerating voltages. The FA200 is capable of achieving a resolution of up to 1.2 nm.
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Lab products found in correlation
Hypoxanthine, by Solarbio (2 mentions)
Xanthine oxidase, by Solarbio (2 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
D max 2550 pc, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
5 5 dimethylpyrroline n oxide dmpo, by Dojindo Laboratories (1 mentions)
Jem 1010 microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Nicolet is5, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
V 730 bio, by Jasco (1 mentions)
Excalab 250xi, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Ftir spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Mpms3, by Quantum Design (1 mentions)
Escalab xi, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tecnai g2 f20 s twin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Icpoes730, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
X pert powder, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Modular raman spectrometer, by Horiba (1 mentions)
Titan 80 300, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Mpf 3d, by Oxford Instruments (1 mentions)
Jsm 6700f, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
18 protocols using fa200
1
Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species
2
Comprehensive Characterization of Catalysts
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S4800) was adopted to observe the morphologies. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) with Horiba 7593-H was used to confirm the proportion of each element in the catalysts. Powder X-ray diffraction meter (XRD, D/max 2550 PC, Japan Rigaku) operation was completed with Cu Kα radiation in a 2θ angle between 10° and 80° at a rate of 2° min−1 to monitor crystal structure. The surface properties and valence state of the catalysts were determined through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments by using the Escalab 250Xi spectrometer with an Al-Kα radiation source at an energy step size of 1 eV to obtain high-resolution XPS spectra. The spectra were calibrated with respect to C 1s at a binding energy of 284.8 eV. The specific surface area of the samples was determined by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method on an automated area and pore size analyzer (Autosorb-iQ) based on nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherm. The samples were outgassed at 200 °C for 2 h to remove remaining moisture and then analyzed with N2 gas as an adsorbent at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. ˙OH and ˙O2− in the NOx–SO2–MFe2O4–MNB system were detected via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR, JEOL-FA200), and DMPO was used for capturing ˙OH and ˙O2−.
3
Electron Spin Resonance Analysis of Radicals
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Electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR, JEOL-FA200, Japan) was utilized to study the generation mechanism of hydroxyl radical (•OH) and superoxide radical (•O2−). In this experiment 50 mg as-prepared powder was dispersed in a 40 nM 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide DMPO solution tank.
4
Evaluating PDA-PEG NPs ROS Scavenging
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ESR paramagnetic spectrometer (JEOL-FA200, Japan) was utilized to assess the ability of PDA-PEG NPs to scavenge ROS in an acellular environment. Scavenging of O2·− was evaluated by mixing PDA-PEG NPs (100 µg/ml) with 100 mM 5,5-dimethylpyrroline N-oxide (DMPO; Dojindo, Japan), 0.5 mM hypoxanthine (Solarbio Life Science, China), and 0.05 U/ml xanthine oxidase (Solarbio Life Science, China), then incubated in 100% ethanol solution for 1 min. Then, the content of O2·− was determined using ESR according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
5
Evaluating CeO2NPs Radical Scavenging
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An ESR paramagnetic spectrometer (JEOL, JEOL-FA200, Japan) was used to detect the ROS scavenging ability of CeO2NPs in the acellular environment according to the manufacturer’s instructions for 5,5′-dimethylpyrroline N-oxide (DMPO, Dojindo, Japan). For hydroxyl radical scavenging measurements, CeO2NPs at a final concentration of 256 mg/L were incubated with 100 mM DMPO, 0.05 U/mL xanthine oxidase (Solarbio Life Science, China) and 0.5 mM hypoxanthine (Solarbio Life Science, China) in water for 1 min, and then hydroxyl radicals were determined by ESR. To induce superoxide radicals for scavenging measurement, CeO2NPs at a final concentration of 256 mg/L were incubated with 100 mM DMPO, 0.05 U/mL xanthine oxidase, 0.5 mM hypoxanthine, in 100% ethanol for 1 min, and then the level of O2- was determined by ESR.
6
Detecting Lipid Free Radicals via ESR
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To detect lipid free radicals, PBN was added into the samples with a final concentration of 50 mM before incubation [19 (link)]. All the samples were incubated at 37 °C. Every single part was retrieved on days 14 and 25. The following parameters were used in the ESR (electron spin resonance) measurements: center field, 322.500 mT; sweep time, 2.0 min; modulation width, 1.0 × 0.1 mT; microwave power, 0.99800 mW; modulation frequency, 100 kHz. The radical intensity was defined as the PBN-radical adduct signal and the signal of the Mn (II) marker [20 (link)] by ESR spectroscopy (JEOL FA-200, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
7
Measuring Hydroxyl Radical Production
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The ˙OH production in various reaction systems was measured by using BA as a chemical probe.42,43 (link) The specific procedure is same as that in the oxidation experiment, except that a BA solution with initial concentration of 5.0 mmol L−1 was used instead of pollutant solution. The solution sample was analyzed after mixing with methanol and membrane filtration. The concentration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) derived from BA oxidation was referred to calculate the cumulative amount of ˙OH. According to Tong et al.,42 (link) the production of 1.00 mmol of p-HBA is equivalent to the consumption of 5.87 mmol of ˙OH. The production ˙OH and superoxide anion radical (O2˙−) in various reaction systems was also determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry (FA-200, JEOL, Japan).43
8
Oxygen Probe Protocol for Cell Respiration
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The oxygen probe 5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36-octa-n-butoxy-2,3-naphthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) has been described previously [37 (link), 38 (link)]. Cells were trypsinized, washed in MEM, and 1.25×105 cells were suspended with 0.2 mg LiNc-BuO and 2% dextran before being drawn into a glass capillary tube. The tube was sealed at both ends and subjected to X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy (FA200; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) every 2 min. The cavity was maintained at 37°C using a temperature controller (ES-DVT4; JEOL). ESR conditions were as follows: microwave frequency 9.4466 GHz, microwave power 1 mW, center field 322.650 mT, sweep width 0.5 mT, sweep time 1 min, and time constant 0.1 s. The spectral line widths were analyzed using a WinRad (Radical Research, Tokyo, Japan). Line width was converted into O2 values and OCR was calculated as described previously [37 (link), 38 (link)].
9
EPR Analysis of DMPO-OH Radicals
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Forty microliters of DMPO (100 mM) and 20 μl of H2O2 (100 mM) were mixed with 20 μl of ultrapure water, 20 μl of GF-Ala aqueous solution (100 μM), and 20 μl of GF-Ala aqueous solution (200 μM). The mixtures were irradiated with a 500-W UV lamp for 4 min first, and then the X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of DMPO-OH were recorded in the dark with an EPR spectrometer (FA-200, JEOL, Japan).
10
Raman and EPR Evaluation of BPNS Radical Scavenging
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A laser Raman spectrometer (XPLORA INV) was used to scan 0.1 mL of distilled water containing 50 μg of BPNSs and 3 μg of H2O2 at 0, 2, and 5 min after 633 nm laser excitation. The ability of the BPNSs (46 μL, 10 to 110 μg/mL) to eliminate hydroxyl/superoxide anion radicals was evaluated using ESR spectroscopy (JEOL-FA200). UV‒Vis spectroscopy was used to measure the absorbance of pure solutions of •ABTS+ radicals and •ABTS+ radical solutions containing BPNSs at 734 nm. Based on the proportion of neutralized radicals to total radicals, the inhibition rate of •ABTS+ radicals was estimated. All measurements were performed in triplicate.
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