18F-FDG PET/CT studies were done in all the patients after minimum fasting for 6 h with blood glucose <150 mg/dl (8.3 mmol/l) and without any strenuous activity on or the day before the examination. Acquisition was performed at 45–60 min postintravenous injection of 370 MBq (~10 mCi) of 18F-FDG on dedicated hybrid scanners (Discovery 710 or Discovery STE-16; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA). A low-dose scout CT (120 kV, 10 mA) was acquired from vertex to toe. Contrast enhancement CT followed by 3D-PET acquisition was done in caudocranial direction with an acquisition period of 2 min per bed position using time-of-flight technique. The reconstructed attenuation-corrected PET, CT, and fused images were reviewed in three planes (the axial, sagittal, and coronal) along with maximum intensity projections.
Discovery ste 16
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States
The Discovery STE 16 is a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner designed for small-animal research. It features a compact and modular design, with a 16-cm field of view and a spatial resolution of up to 1.4 mm. The system is equipped with advanced imaging capabilities and is suitable for a range of small-animal studies, including oncology, neuroscience, and cardiovascular research.
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18 protocols using discovery ste 16
1
PET/CT Imaging Protocol for 18F-FDG
2
PET/CT Imaging Protocol for 18F-FDG
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A GE Discovery STE 16 PET/CT scanner was used with 18F-FDG as the imaging agent. Before the examination, the patients were fasted for more than 6 h with the blood glucose level maintained between 4.5 and 7.8 mmoL/L, received an intravenous injection of 18F-FDG 3.7~4.44 MBq/kg, and laid down at rest for 45~60 min, followed by the examination after urination. The CT scan was performed covering a range from the skull to the thigh, with the scan parameters being voltage of 120 kV, current of 150 mA, and layer thickness of 3.75 mm. PET scans were performed in 3D for 3 min per bed, with a layer thickness of 3.27 mm, and the images were obtained after attenuation correction and iterative method reconstruction and transmitted to Xileris workstation for fusion reconstruction.
3
Gastric Cancer PET-CT Imaging Protocol
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All of the patients fasted for at least 6 h before PET-CT scan except water intake. The blood glucose concentration of each patient was controlled under the level of 7.4 mmol/L before FDG (0.12–0.15 mCi/kg) was injected intravenously. 45–60 min later, the FDG PET-CT scans were performed with a GE Discovery STE16 integrated PET-CT scanner combining the ability to acquire CT images and PET data of the same patient in one session. In order to better distend the gastric wall for the evaluation of gastric cancer before PET-CT scan, each patient was asked to drink as much water as possible (more than 500 ml) just before PET-CT scan. The whole-body CT data were acquired first by a continuous spiral technique on a 16-slice helical CT, with the following parameters: Gantry rotation speed, 0.8 s per rotation; 140 KV; 17.5 mm per rotation table speed. All CT scans were obtained with 3.75 mm thick axial sections and the axial field of view was 15.6 cm. Subsequently, a positron emission scan was performed from the thigh to the head at a 3 min/bed position speed. Combined with CT data, the attenuation corrected PET images were reconstructed by an ordered subset expectation maximization algorithm and then normalized by both injected dose and patients' body weight.
4
18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol for Cancer Staging
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Patients were instructed to fast for at least 6 h prior to PET investigation. An intravenous injection of 370-555 MBq (10-15 mCi) of 18F-FDG was given. Blood glucose was measured before injection of the tracer to ensure glucose blood levels below 150 mg/dL.
PET/CT images were acquired from the base of the skull to the mid-thighs 60 min after the intravenous injection of F18-FDG using dedicated PET/CT scanner present (Discovery STE-16, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, U.S.A). Breath holding CT transmission images were acquired (140 kVp, 80 mA, Pitch: 1.375, slice thickness: 1.25 mm) after administration of intravenous and oral contrast. The PET emission scan was obtained in 3-D mode from the mid-thigh and ending at the base of the skull in 5-8 bed positions with an acquisition time of 2 min for each bed position, immediately after acquisition of the CT scan. An additional single bed position acquisition was also acquired for the head if there was suspicion of brain metastases. In 63 patients delayed pelvic image was acquired 1 h after the intravenous injection of furosemide (40 mg), oral hydration and repeated bladder evacuation. The data was reconstructed by iterative reconstruction with CT-derived attenuation correction using the ordered subsets expectation maximization algorithm. PET, CT and fused PET/CT images were displayed on Advantage workstation (GE Healthcare).
PET/CT images were acquired from the base of the skull to the mid-thighs 60 min after the intravenous injection of F18-FDG using dedicated PET/CT scanner present (Discovery STE-16, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, U.S.A). Breath holding CT transmission images were acquired (140 kVp, 80 mA, Pitch: 1.375, slice thickness: 1.25 mm) after administration of intravenous and oral contrast. The PET emission scan was obtained in 3-D mode from the mid-thigh and ending at the base of the skull in 5-8 bed positions with an acquisition time of 2 min for each bed position, immediately after acquisition of the CT scan. An additional single bed position acquisition was also acquired for the head if there was suspicion of brain metastases. In 63 patients delayed pelvic image was acquired 1 h after the intravenous injection of furosemide (40 mg), oral hydration and repeated bladder evacuation. The data was reconstructed by iterative reconstruction with CT-derived attenuation correction using the ordered subsets expectation maximization algorithm. PET, CT and fused PET/CT images were displayed on Advantage workstation (GE Healthcare).
5
Sequential PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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18F-FDG PET/CT imaging were performed using a Discovery ste16 scanner (General Electric Medical Systems, America). All examinees underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging 60 minutes after intravenous administration of 3.70 to 5.55 MBq/kg of 18F-FDG. Fasting blood glucose was controlled below 10 mmol/L before 18F-FDG was injected.
After urinating, initial PET/CT scan covered the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and thigh. By using a 16 detector row scanner, CT images were acquired with the following parameters: CT tube voltage 120 kV, tube current 150 mA, 3.75 mm slice thickness, pitch 1.375, matrix 512 × 512, field of view 50 cm, and PET scanning 3 min/bed. After the data were collected by scanning, the computer uses CT data to automatically attenuate the PET image. The data was sent to the AW4.4 workstation and iteratively reconstructed using the ordered subset maximum expected value method.
Early PET/CT imaging was performed 60 minutes after FDG injection. After the early scan, furosemide was injected. Delayed 18F-FDG PET/CT scan after furosemide injection (1, 2, 3, and 4 hours later) only covered the pelvis and abdomen.
After urinating, initial PET/CT scan covered the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and thigh. By using a 16 detector row scanner, CT images were acquired with the following parameters: CT tube voltage 120 kV, tube current 150 mA, 3.75 mm slice thickness, pitch 1.375, matrix 512 × 512, field of view 50 cm, and PET scanning 3 min/bed. After the data were collected by scanning, the computer uses CT data to automatically attenuate the PET image. The data was sent to the AW4.4 workstation and iteratively reconstructed using the ordered subset maximum expected value method.
Early PET/CT imaging was performed 60 minutes after FDG injection. After the early scan, furosemide was injected. Delayed 18F-FDG PET/CT scan after furosemide injection (1, 2, 3, and 4 hours later) only covered the pelvis and abdomen.
6
Whole-Body PET/CT Guided Biopsy Protocol
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All the patients were asked to remain fasting for at least 4 h before whole-body PET/CT scan. The whole-body PET/CT acquisition was done using a dedicated PET/CT scanner (Discovery 710 or Discovery STE 16; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA), 60 min after intravenous administration of 222–370 MBq of 18F-FDG. Attenuation correction of PET images was done using helical CT with the slice thickness of 1.25 mm. Reconstruction of PET images was done using ordered subset expectation maximization algorithm, with two iterations and 28 subsets, and Gaussian postfiltering (full width at half maximum, 6 mm). After reviewing the whole-body PET/CT scan, the site and trajectory of biopsy were planned on the basis of FDG avidity and location of the lesion. The interventional procedure was planned 3–4 h postradiotracer injection. Patients were immobilized in a fixed position using vacuum-assisted patient motion arrester bed during the biopsy procedure. A limited one bed position PET/CT scan of the desired region was acquired in the Robio protocol.
7
PET/CT Imaging of Radiotracers in Animals
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The animals were premedicated with 0.04 mg/kg i.m. atropine sulfate and sedated with 10–15 mg/kg i.m. ketamine, followed by intubation and inhalation anesthesia with 1–3% isoflurane in oxygen via Excel 210 SE (Ohmeda). PET/CT imaging studies were performed with Discovery STE16 (GE Healthcare) at 1 h after i.v. administration of [18F]FDG (8 mCi) or [18F]FACE (8 mCi), or 3′-[18F]FLT (8 mCi). PET/CT imaging studies with each radiotracer were performed on different days, all within a period of 3 wk. The details of PET/CT image acquisition and processing are provided elsewhere (14 (link), 15 (link)).
8
PET/CT Imaging Protocol for 18F-FDG Studies
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Imaging was performed using a dedicated hybrid PET/CT scanner (Discovery STE 16 or Discovery 710; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA). All patients fasted for at least 6 h before the study. Scanning was initiated ~60 min after intravenous administration of 300–370 MBq of 18F-FDG. Diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT [contrast was infused at a rate 3 ml/s, total volume being 1.2×weight (kg) of patient] was acquired first followed by PET acquisition in 6–7 bed positions (2 min/bed position) from the vertex to the mid-thigh. The CT parameters were 120 kV tube voltage, 250 mA tube current, with a slice thickness of 3.75 mm. Data obtained from the studies were reconstructed using iterative reconstruction (ordered subset expectation maximization) algorithm with attenuation correction. Transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images were generated after reconstruction.
9
Florapronol PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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A single dose of 370 MBq ± 10% was administered to all eligible subjects as a slow intravenous bolus injection. Florapronol PET/CT images were acquired 30 min after injection of the tracer using a PET/CT scanner (Discovery STE 16, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). CT scans were taken first, for attenuation correction, followed by PET scans. The resulting PET data were corrected for radioactive decay, dead time, measured attenuation, and scatter. The resulting imaging data were reconstructed using iterative algorithms. The image quality was continuously monitored to improve the justification of visual and quantitative analysis. The CT slice thickness was 3.75 mm. The other CT parameters were as follows: voltage of 120 kVp, current of 90 mA, 0.8-s/CT rotation, and pitch of 1.75.
10
Synthesis and PET Imaging of 18F-FAMT
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18F-FAMT was synthesized in our hospital cyclotron facility according to the method developed by Tomiyoshi et al. [17 (link)]. The radiochemical yield of 18F-FAMT was approximately 20%, with a radiochemical purity of approximately 99%. Molar activity of 18F-FAMT exceeded 0.12 GBq /μmol (3.24 Ci /mmol). 18F-FDG was also produced in our facility as previously described [19 (link)]. Patients fasted for at least six hours prior to 18F-FDG PET imaging. Patients were then injected with 5 MBq/kg of 18F-FAMT or 5 MBq/kg of 18F-FDG and PET acquisition was performed one hour later. One of two PET/CT scanners (Discovery STE 16, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA; Biograph 16 Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) was randomly selected for PET/CT acquisition. Scan parameters are shown in Table 1 .
Protocol parameters for PET/CTs
| parameters | Discovery STE 16 | Biograph 16 |
|---|---|---|
| PET scan parameters | ||
| FOV of PET (mm) | 700 × 700 | 700 × 700 |
| slice thickness of PET (mm) | 3.27 | 2.0 |
| acquisition time (sec/bed) | 120 | 120 |
| bed number (bed/body) | 5–6 | 5–6 |
| matrix of PET (pixel) | 128 × 128 | 128 × 128 |
| energy window range (keV) | 425–650 | 425–650 |
| reconstruction | 3D Iterative Reconstruction | OSEM 2D |
| CT scan parameters | ||
| FOV of CT (mm) | 500 | 500 |
| slice thickness of CT (mm) | 3.75 | 5 |
| matrix of CT (pixel) | 512 × 512 | 512 × 512 |
| X-ray tube voltage (kVp) | 120 | 120 |
| X-ray tube current (mA) | 60 | 400 |
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