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184 protocols using nis elements br 3

1

Immunofluorescence Analysis of p65 and YAP

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BMDMs were placed in 6-well plates or cell slides. BMDMs were treatment with LPS with or without XMU-MP-1 and fixed with paraformaldehyde (Solarbio).
BMDMs in 6-well plates were incubated with anti-p65 antibody (1:500, 8242, Cell Signaling Technology) overnight at 4 °C. As secondary antibodies, Alexa 488 (Cell Signaling Technology) were added in well plates for 1h at room temperature, and then added Hoechst (TIANGEN) for 15 min in dark. These 6-well plates were visualized with a Nikon Ti2-E microscope (Nikon). Images were analyzed by Nikon NIS-Elements Br 3.0 software (Nikon). To quantify the nuclear translocation of p65, ten files from each group were analyzed for the p65 high positive in nuclei (%). The p65 high positive in the nuclei (%) was calculated (p65 high positive in the nuclei (%) = the number of p65 high positive in the nuclei ×100 / the number of total nuclei) 14 (link).
BMDMs on cell slides were incubated with anti-p65(1:500, 8242, Cell Signaling Technology) and anti-YAP (1:50, sc-101199, Santa Cruz) antibodies. As secondary antibodies, Alexa 594 and 488 (Cell Signaling Technology) were added for 1h at room temperature in dark, and then sections were sealed by fluorescent mounting medium with DAPI (ZSGB-BIO) in dark. These sections were visualized with a Nikon 80i microscope (Nikon). Images were analyzed with Nikon NIS-Elements Br 3.0 software (Nikon).
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2

Muscle Morphometry and Fibrosis Analysis

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For the assessment of tissue morphology, 10μm thick transverse sections of individual limb muscle were stained with the Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and examined under Nikon Eclipse TE 2000-U microscope (Nikon). Fiber cross-sectional area was analyzed in H&E-stained muscle sections using Nikon NIS Elements BR 3.00 software (Nikon). For each muscle, the distribution of fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was calculated by analyzing 200 to 250 myofibers as described [16 (link),19 (link)]. The amount of fibrosis in TA muscle sections was determined using Masson’s Trichrome staining kit according to a protocol suggested by the manufacturer (American Master Tech). Fibrotic area in muscle sections was quantified using Nikon NIS Elements BR 3.00 software.
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3

Histological Assessment of Mouse Tibialis Anterior Muscle

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The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of the mice were isolated, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, mounted in embedding medium, and sectioned with a microtome cryostat. To assess tissue morphology, 10 µm-thick transverse sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The sections were examined under an inverted microscope (Eclipse TE 2000-U; Nikon) at room temperature with a Plan × 10/0.25 NA Ph1 DL or a Plan Fluor ELWD × 20/0.45 NA Ph1 DM objective lens, a digital camera (Digital Sight DS-Fi1; Nikon), and NIS Elements BR 3.10 software (Nikon). Images of H&E- or laminin- or dystrophin-stained TA muscle sections were quantified with Nikon NIS Elements BR 3.00 software (Nikon) to measure myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA). For each sample, the frequency distribution of fiber CSA was estimated from about 250 myofibers. Relative amounts of fibrosis in muscle tissues was assayed by using a Masson Trichrome Stain Kit and following a protocol suggested by manufacturer (StatLab, McKinney, TX).
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4

Histological Analysis of Muscle Regeneration

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TA or plantaris muscle of mice was removed, frozen in isopentane cooled in liquid nitrogen, and sectioned in a microtome cryostat. For the assessment of tissue morphology, 10 µm-thick transverse sections of muscles were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The sections were examined under an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse TE 2000-U) using a Plan 10x, NA 0.25 PH1 DL or Plan-Fluor ELWD 20x, NA 0.45 Ph1 DM objective lens, a digital camera (Digital Sight DS-Fi1) and NIS Elements BR 3.00 software (Nikon). Images of H&E-stained or dystrophin-stained TA or plantaris muscle sections were analyzed by measuring myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA). A minimum of 90% centrally nucleated myofibers taken from the center of the injured muscle region was used in the analysis. The distribution of myofiber CSA was calculated by analyzing 200–250 myofibers per field using the NIS Elements BR 3.00 software (Nikon) as described47 (link), 48 (link).
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5

Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging Protocol

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All epifluorescent images of fixed specimens were acquired with a fluorescence microscope (Eclipse 80i; Nikon) using a 20×/0.75 NA or 60×/1.4 NA oil immersion objective lens fitted with a digital camera (DS-2; Nikon) and NIS-Elements BR 3.0 software (Nikon). Images were adjusted for brightness and contrast using ImageJ. Images from endothelial repulsion assays were acquired with an inverted florescent microscope (Eclipse TE2000-S; Nikon) using a 4×/0.2 NA objective lens, a digital camera (DS-5M; Nikon), and NIS-Elements BR 3.0 software (Nikon). Images were adjusted for brightness and contrast using ImageJ. Time-lapse videos were recorded at 37°C using an incubator live cell imaging microscope (VivaView FL LCV-110; Olympus) with a UPlan-SApochromat 40×/0.95 NA, WD 0.18 mm objective lens (Olympus) and a camera (Orca R2 CCD; Hamamatsu Photonics). Videos were acquired with MetaMorph for Olympus VivaView FL LCV-110 software, and separated images were adjusted for brightness and contrast using ImageJ.
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6

Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Cells

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Cells were cultured and transfected on Lab-Tek II chamber slides. Cells were fixed for 15 min in 4% formaldehyde, washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 3 times, and incubated in blocking buffer (PBS, 5% goat serum, 0.1% saponin) for 1h at room temperature. Primary antibody was diluted in antibody solution (PBS, 1% BSA, 0.1% saponin) and incubated at 4C overnight. After washed with PBS 3 times, cells were incubated with secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 or 568 (Invitrogen) for 1h at room temperature. After PBS wash, the slides were mounted with Prolong Gold Antifade reagent. The immunofluorescent pictures were taken by the Zeiss LSM510 Meta Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope or Nikon Eclipse E800, and analyzed by the LSM image browser or Nikon NIS Elements BR 3.0 software.
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7

Lymphatic Imaging for MRI-Histology Correlation

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To facilitate comparisons between MRI and histology, a separate group of 4 mice were imaged using a fluorescent dye lymphography technique (9 (link)). Texas Red Dextran of 10,000 MW was used to facilitate comparison with the behavior of the similarly sized 70 kD Gd-FVT-albumin complex. Lysine-fixable Texas Red Dextran (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) was injected into both rear dorsal toes, at 8 mg/ml in 25 microliters PBS, while under 2.5% isoflurane anesthesia. Twenty minutes later mice were euthanized by CO2 overdose, and popliteal LNs were dissected. LNs were oriented for cryosectioning at a cross-section through the cortex and medulla using the white-colored cortical B cell region to orient LN placement into OCT freezing media (Sakura Finetech). Cryosections were dried and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, immunostained with LYVE-1 (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) and then with Alexa Fluor 488-labelled goat secondary antibody (16 (link)). Sections were mounted in Prolong Gold (Invitrogen, Sparks, MD) for photography on a Nikon Eclipse 50i fluorescence microscope, and images were processed using Nikon NIS Elements BR 3.0 software (Nikon, Inc.; Melville, NY).
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8

Nymphal Development and Juvenilizing Effects

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Nymphs were reared from the egg stage under short-day conditions (LD 10:14 h) at 25 ± 1 °C in a group of 30 individuals in a plastic cup (75 mm in diameter, 40 mm in depth). Nymphs that had ecdysed to the last (5th) instar stage were collected within 48 h from the ecdysis and 0.6 μl of hexane (solvent) or various concentrations of JHSB 3 in hexane were applied to the dorsal side of the abdomen using a 10 μl-syringe. After the application, five or fewer individuals per group were reared in individual Petri dishes (85 mm in diameter, 15 mm in depth) and maintained under the same photoperiodic and temperature conditions. After the final moult, scutellum length, forewing length, and pronotum width were measured using Nikon NIS Elements BR 3.0 software (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and the relative lengths of the scutellum and forewing to the pronotum width were calculated to evaluate the juvenilizing effects according to Kotaki (1996) and Kotaki et al. (2011) . The juvenilizing effect was also assessed from the colour patterns on the dorsal abdomen. Individuals with black semi-ellipses on the yellowish background were regarded as the nymphal type, whereas individuals with yellowish spots on the black background were regarded as the adult type.
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9

Larval Brain Development Measurements

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Larval brains were dissected in 0.9% NaCl solution under a stereomicroscope at room temperature on days 5, 7, and 10 in long-day larvae, and on days 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, and 40 in short-day larvae. The longitudinal length of the brain was measured with Nikon NIS Elements BR 3.0 software (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). For each data point, 10-20 brains were measured.
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10

Quantitative Assessment of BTG3 Protein Expression

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An immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 4-mm, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections according to the following procedures. Briefly, consecutive sections were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated in a graded ethanol series, and submerged in EDTA antigenic retrieval buffer for 15 min in a microwave oven. The sections were treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide in absolute methanol for 20 min to block endogenous peroxidase activity. 5% bovine serum albumin was applied for 15 min to prevent non-specific binding. The sections were incubated with a rabbit polyclonal antibody against human BTG3 (1:100; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) overnight at 4 ℃. After the incubation with secondary antibody, the visualization signal was developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride. The primary antibody was omitted for the negative control.
BTG3 immunostaining densities were quantitatively assessed with NIS-Elements BR 3.0 (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). In brief, the sections were placed on a microscope (Nikon E800), and the images were transferred from a digital camera (Nikon 80i) to a computer. Three visual fields were randomly inspected on all slides under high-power magnification. The mean optical density (MOD) of the positive areas was measured. The results are expressed as the exact value of the relative optical density units.
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