Quantax eds

After the tribotests, all plates were sonicated in chloroform and then in ethanol baths, to remove the test lubricant from the surface. The surfaces were then analysed using an Olympus PMG3 Inverted microscope. Wear was determined on the upper surfaces (balls) in terms of the wear scar diameter observed on the images (wear scars were approximated as circles). The PD surfaces were additionally analysed using a Jeol 7800F SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) equipped with Bruker Quantax EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) unit. SEM and EDS were performed at a beam voltage of 15 kV.

The morphology of synthesized particles was examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM, Tescan Vega 3). We analysed SEM images to determine the size of the obtained particles. Briefly, we chose the ROI of approximately 40 × 40 μm for each SEM image. Next, the typical crystals (about 20 pieces for each sample) with well-defined boundaries were identified within ROI and imageJ software was used to automatically determine the average width and length of the crystals and to calculate the standard deviations. The elemental analysis was performed using energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (QUANTAX EDS, Bruker) equipped with an XFlash 610 M detector with the resolution of <129 eV for the Mn Kα line. The crystal structure was determined with the x-ray diffractometer (XRD, PANalytical X’Pert Pro) using standard θ–2θ geometry. The detection was performed using the Cu K_α (λ = 1.54 Å) radiation at operating current and voltage of 30 mA and 40 kV, respectively. The angular resolution of the instrument was calibrated using LaB₆ line profile standard (SRM660a–NIST certificate). The chemical composition of synthesized particles was determined with the Raman spectrometer (Almega XR of Thermo Electron Corp.). The chosen excitation light wavelength was 532 nm. Data was recorded in the spectral range from approx. 100 cm⁻¹ up to 4000 cm⁻¹ and with the spectral resolution of 2 cm⁻¹.

Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) patterns were collected in reflection geometry in the 10–80° 2θ range, with a 40 s step-1 counting time and with a step size of 0.016° on a PANalytical X’PERT PRO diffractometer (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK), PW3050 goniometer (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK), equipped with an X’Celerator detector (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK) by using the Cu Kα radiation. The long fine focus (LFF) ceramic tube operated at 40 kV and 40 mA. The UV-vis spectra of samples were measured in the range 250–700 nm.
The morphology and composition were examined by field emission gun electron scanning microscopy (FE-SEM) LEO 1525 ZEISS (Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Elemental composition and chemical mapping were determined using a Bruker Quantax EDS (Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany). The samples were deposited on conductive carbon adhesive tape and metalized with chromium (8 nm).
TEM images were obtained using a Philips 208 transmission electron microscope (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA). The samples were prepared by putting one drop of an ethanol dispersion of the sample powder on a copper grid pre-coated with a Formvar film and dried in air.

Hemimandibles from three 7-week old mice were embedded in epoxy, and polished in a cross orientation using a series of SiC paper and diamond polishing suspension starting from incisor tip and stopping when mesial angle of the first molar was exposed. For each hemimandible, six randomly areas (as illustrated in Supplementary Figure S1) were subjected to an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Quantax EDS, Bruker Nano Inc.) to collect elemental composition of Ca, P, Na et al at 15 keV using a variable pressure chamber. Back scattered electron (BSE) images were also collected using a field emission scanning electron microscope (Sigma VP500 field emission SEM, Carl Zeiss Microscopy). The elemental composition collected from three Nckx4^+/+ or Nckx4^−/− mice was compared and the significance difference between two mouse models was determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test.

Acid-coated water-soluble QdSe/ZnS QDs (product code QD620-WS-YY) were obtained from NanoOptical Materials Inc. (Carson, CA, USA). We then carried out fluorometer emission, DLS, and EDS studies to characterize the QDs.
For the fluorometer emission, the stock concentration (5 mg/mL) of QDs was diluted to 5% (v/v) with 18 MΩ deionized water. A total of 15 mL of 5% dilution of the sample was then pipetted into a quartz cuvette and the emission spectra were measured with a Shimadzu RF-6000 spectrofluorometer with an excitation wavelength of 375 nm.
For the DLS, the stock concentration (5 mg/mL) of QDs was diluted to 5% (v/v) with 18 MΩ deionized water. A total of 15 mL of 5% dilution of the sample was then pipetted into a disposable polystyrene cuvette and the hydrodynamic particle size was measured with a Zetasizer Ultra (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK).
For the EDS, the leftover samples from the fluorometer and DLS studies were used to form a thick film on a Si substrate. A total of 15 mL of 5% dilution of the sample was drop cast onto a Si wafer set on a hotplate at 75 °C until all the aqueous solution evaporated off and only a thick assembled layer of solid CdSe/ZnS QDs remained. The sample was then placed in a Quantax EDS (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) and the EDS was conducted at 10 kV incident beam energy.

The synthesis of SeNPs was confirmed by observing absorption peak maxima between 200 and 500 nm in a spectrometer (Genesis 10S UV–Vis, Thermo Scientific, Carlsbad, USA). The contribution of possible functional groups of A. glaucum leaf extracts to the synthesis of SeNPs was evaluated by FTIR analysis (Nicolet iS 5, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA) in the 4000-400 cm⁻¹ region. Morphological characterization of SeNPs was performed by SEM (MIRA 3 LMU, TESCAN, Brno, Czech Republic) at 20 kV and TEM (JSM-1010, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 80 kV. To determine the size distribution of SeNPs dispersed in the aqueous medium, the DLS technique was performed using a Zetasizer (Nano-ZS90, Malvern Instrument, United Kingdom). The elemental composition of the SeNPs was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) using a microprobe for surface microanalysis (Quantax EDS, Bruker, Billerica, Germany).