Assessment of fat free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was undertaken during Test Block 1 for use in the calculation of energy intake based on energy availability (EA) calculations. FFM was determined after an overnight fast and rest via dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a standardised protocol previously described (Nana et al. 2015 ) and an iDXA (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with image analysis (enCore v16, GE Healthcare). Resting metabolic rate was assessed according to the standardised outpatient protocol described in full elsewhere (Bone & Burke, 2018 )
Encore v16
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States
The EnCore v16 is a laboratory equipment product from GE Healthcare. It is a high-performance imaging system designed for advanced imaging applications. The core function of the EnCore v16 is to provide accurate and reliable imaging capabilities for researchers and clinicians.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using encore v16
1
Assessing Body Composition and Metabolism
2
Whole Body Composition Analysis using DEXA
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Whole body composition analysis used DEXA (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, Madison, WI) with the manufacturer's software (Encore v16, GE Healthcare, detailed Text S2). The iDXA X-ray generator produces a constant beam, separated by K-edge filtration into high and low energy regions (Fig. 1 ). Differential attenuation characteristics from the energy discriminating detector reflect elemental tissue content, which is separated into a three-compartment model of bone, fat and lean muscle. Automatic software delineates regions of interest within defined anatomical regions, with occasional manual readjustment. Whole body scans include head, trunk (subdivided into spine, ribs and pelvis), arms and legs. Imaging separation locations for arms and were humeral socket centres and femoral necks, respectively. DEXA lean muscle mass is a composite of non-fat and non-bone tissue. Summated upper and lower limb muscle mass (in kg) was normalized to height [2] (link) to produce ASMI (in kg/m2), a proxy for muscularity.
3
Comprehensive Athletic Performance Evaluation
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At the beginning (Baseline Testing) and the end (Post Testing) of each camp, all athletes undertook assessments of body composition via dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and aerobic capacity ( O2peak) to investigate changes over the duration of the 4 weeks. The DXA was conducted using a standardised protocol previously described [46 (link)] on an iDXA (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with image analysis (enCore v16, GE Healthcare). RMR was assessed according to standardised outpatient protocols described elsewhere [47 (link)]. The incremental exercise test was identical to protocols previously reported [26 (link)]. Briefly, this involved four submaximal walking stages, each lasting 4 min and increasing in speed by 1 km/h each stage. After a 5 min rest, athletes then commenced an incremental ramp protocol, where speed increased every 30 s by 0.5 km/h for 4 min, after which time speed was fixed and gradient increased by 0.5% every 30 s until exhaustion. Respiratory gases were collected and analysed on a custom-built indirect calorimetry system (AIS, Canberra [48 (link)]). These tests were repeated prior to the final experimental trial (post testing).
4
Body Composition Analysis via DXA
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Total lean body mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass in arms, legs and truncus, and total bone mineral content were assessed by dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a GE Lunar Prodygi with enCore v.16 (Madison, WI). Examinations were performed by skilled radiographers. Lean mass was defined as tissue without fat and bone minerals and is referred to as skeletal muscle mass. Total bone mineral content (TBMC) is the sum of bone, presented in grams (Bonnick & Lewis, 2013 ).
5
DXA Assessment of Race Walkers
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During the testing protocols, the race walkers undertook dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessment of body composition. These measurements were undertaken in the early morning in an overnight fasted and rested state as previously described (31 (link)). The same DXA technician positioned participants on the iDXA (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) and analyzed all images (enCore v16, GE Healthcare). The test–retest technical error of measurement for the iDXA at our center is 0.1% for total mass, 0.4% for lean mass, 1.6% for fat mass, and 0.4% for bone mass. Body mass was measured before the commencement of all key training sessions and test protocols. Although some BM fluctuations between sessions were expected due to acute changes in nutrition and hydration status over the day, general trends in BM over the dietary interventions were tracked by focusing on sessions completed under similar conditions, including those with robust standardization of the time of day and feeding (e.g., race day, V̇O2peak test).
6
Body Composition Measurement Protocol
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Measurement of body composition occurred following a rest day, immediately prior to week 1 (pre-test), and every fourth week thereafter at the end of each 4-week intervention, i.e., at the end of weeks 4, 8 and 12. Body composition testing always occurred fasted, in the morning prior to the subjects’ weekly competitive game (Fig. 2 ). Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) (enCORE v16, Lunar iDXA, General Electric Company, UK) was used to assess body composition, in accordance with AIS best practice protocols. Trained DXA technicians were blinded to participant treatment interventions. Subjects provided a first void, mid-stream urine sample to assess and control for hydration status (PEN-PRO, USA).
7
Assessing Body Composition in FSHD
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Body composition was obtained from the DXA scan; an estimation of regional and whole body total mass (grams (g)), fat mass (FM (g, %)), lean mass (LM (g, %)), and bone mineral content (g) was provided by enCORE v16 (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). As FSHD is primarily a disease that affects the upper extremity, differences between upper and lower lean and fat mass were also obtained. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) was quantified as the sum of fat-and bone-free tissue in the arms and legs, and was normalized to height to control for fluctuations in body size (9) . An appendicular lean mass index [ALMI, ALM weight (kilograms (kg))/height 2 (meters (m), m 2 )] was utilized as an index of sarcopenia (9) , whereby the presence of sarcopenia was defined by an ALMI that is two standard-deviations lower than ALMI from the means observed in sex-specific reference groups (15) . Sarcopenic obesity was defined by the combined presentation of an ALMI of <7.26 kg/m 2 and body fat percentage of >27%, or an ALMI of <5.45 kg/m 2 and body fat percentage of >38%, in men and women, respectively (8) . Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from manual measurements of height (m) and weight (kg); study participants were categorized by BMI status into standard body composition categories (16) .
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