214 portable stadiometer

Anthropometry was conducted during morning hours, with light clothing and bare feet. Body weight was measured at the nearest 0.1 kg (SECA 874 portable digital scale, Hamburg, Germany) and height to the nearest 0.5 cm (SECA 214 portable stadiometer, Hamburg, Germany), and then body mass index (BMI) was computed. Height-for-age (HAZ) and BMI-for age (BAZ) z-scores were calculated for each patient, based on the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) growth charts [18 ]. The CDC growth charts were selected on the basis of (i) better comparability with the US and the European Cystic Fibrosis registries, and (ii) our previous observation that the CDC growth charts provide similar estimations of nutritional status compared with the World Health Organization and International Obesity Task Force charts [17 (link),19 (link),20 (link)]. According to the BAZ, patients were classified as underweight (BAZ < −2.0), of normal body weight (−2.0 ≤ BAZ < 1.0), overweight or obese (BAZ ≥ 1.0, and BAZ ≥ 2.0, respectively). CF specific classification was used to assess ideal body weight (IBW) attainment (BAZ ≥ 0.0) and possible nutritional failure (BAZ < −1.04) [21 (link)]. Children with a HAZ < −2.0 were considered chronically malnourished (stunted).

Blood pressure and heart rate were measured with an Omron automated sphygmomanometer model HEM-907 whose accuracy has been validated [20 (link)]. Participants were asked to refrain from smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol or caffeinated beverages for at least 30 min prior to examination. The blood pressure in the left arm was measured after resting for at least five minutes. The blood pressure was taken in the sitting position, legs uncrossed, with the arm resting on a table and the ante-cubital fossa at the level of the lower sternum. Two arm cuffs that fit arm circumferences 9–13 in. and 13–17 in. were used in the process. Three blood pressure readings were measured to the nearest mmHg three minutes apart and the mean of the closest two values were used for analyses [21 (link)]. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a SECA 214 portable stadiometer while the subjects stood barefoot on the centre of the base with their back to the stadiometer. The weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with a SECA 762 scale. These recordings were used to derive the body-mass index.

Using digital scales (seca), the subjects’ weight was measured while they were minimally clothed and not wearing shoes. Their height was measured using a portable stadiometer (seca 214 portable stadiometer). Their Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared [14 (link)]. Their waist circumference (WC) was measured at the midway between the iliac crest and the lower rib margin, over light clothing, using un-stretchable tape (seca 203), and without any pressure to the body surface. Their Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) was calculated as WC divided by hip circumference, and their waist to height (WHtR) was calculated as WC divided by height in centimeters. All measurements were taken by the same team of well-trained persons using the same tools.

The study involved an experimental double-blind crossover randomized trial. The experimental procedure consisted of three visits, separated from each other by 72 h, to achieve the total elimination of any effects caused by the BJ [22 (link)], as well as the optimal recovery of the participants [23 (link)]. The experimental test measurements were taken between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., at the same time of day (±0.5 h) for each individual, to standardize the influence of the circadian rhythm, at a temperature of 24 °C (±1 °C). During the first visit, the participants’ height (Seca 214 portable stadiometer; Seca, Hamburg, Germany) and body composition measured by bioimpedance (Tanita MC-780MA; Tanita Corporation, Japan) were recorded. The manual pressure force (Dynamometer TKK 5101; Takei, Tokyo, Japan) was also determined. In addition, a technique familiarization of the exercises and materials was performed. It was defined as the maximum load the individual was able to lift with the appropriate exercise action. Later, the participants returned to the laboratory a further two times to perform an incremental resistance training test.