Sodium carbonate anhydrous

A commercial yoghurt starter culture (YOFLEX^®—consisting of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) and three probiotic strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LGG, Lacticaseibacillus casei 431, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12) were kindly supplied by Chr. Hansen, Bayswater, VIC, Australia. Powdered skim milk (Australian instant skim milk powder, Coles) was obtained from a local supermarket in Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Pancreatin was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Mangiferin, pyrogallol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, porcine pepsin, α-amylase from aspergillus oryzae, p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, bile salts, LC-MS grade formic acid, acetic acid, 4-methyl valeric acid, guar, casein, tryptone, cysteine HCl, peptone, mucin, pectin, potato starch, yeast extract, and MRS agar were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Sodium carbonate (anhydrous), HCl, NaHCO₃, NaOH, (NH₄)₂CO₃, KCl, NaCl, KH₂PO₄, MgCl₂(H₂O)₆, CaCl₂, K₂HPO₄, Na₃PO₄, MgSO₄.7H₂O Tween 80, orthophosphoric acid, acetonitrile, and methanol of HPLC grade were acquired from Chem-supply Pty Ltd. (Melbourne, VIC, Australia).

Analytical grade chemicals were utilized for extraction and characterization of Vigna pulses. The 98% sulfuric acid was gained from RCI Labscan Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand. The sodium carbonate anhydrous was acquired from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd., Adelaide, SA, Australia. The majority of analytical grade chemicals, along with standards utilized in this research were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia), containing quercetin, gallic acid, catechin, vanillin, and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchrom an-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), hydrated sodium acetate, hexahydrate aluminum chloride, ferric chloride (Fe (III) Cl₃·6H₂O), along with potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium dichloride, sodium hydroxide pellets, ammonium carbonate, calcium chloride, hydrogen chloride, pepsin, as well as bile salts. The in vitro digestive enzymes, such as α-amylase and pancreatin, were bought from US Biological (Assay Matrix Pty Ltd., Clyde, VIC, Australia). Milli-Q water utilized in this research was from Millipore Milli-Q Gradient Water Purification System (Darmstadt, Germany).

Most of the chemicals used for extraction and characterization were analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid, L-ascorbic acid, vanillin, hexahydrate aluminum chloride, quercetin, catechin, 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) were bought from the Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). The chemical reagent and reference standard for HPLC, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, quercetin and kaempferol were produced by Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Sodium carbonate anhydrous were purchased from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd. (Adelaide, SA, Australia) and 98% sulfuric acid were bought from RCI Labscan (Rongmuang, Thailand). Methanol, acetonitrile, ferric chloride (Fe[III]Cl₃•6H₂O), hydrated sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Scoresby, VIC, Australia).