Gbm cell lines

All cells used in the present study were human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). These cell lines were Ln18 (ATCC^®, CRL-2610™), U87 (ATCC^®, HTB-14™), T98G (ATCC^®, CRL-1690™), and M059K (ATCC^®, CRL-2365™). All cells were grown in RPMI 1640 without phenol red, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, and penicillin (100 IU mL⁻¹) /streptomycin (100 μg mL⁻¹) at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ and 95% humidified atmosphere.

GBM cell lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA) and grown in a humidified, 5 % CO2 incubator at 37 °C in the complete media as described by the provider. DBTRG-05MG (ATCC, USA, #CRL-2020) cells were grown in ATCC-formulated RMPI-1640 medium (Gibco, Life Technologies, USA, #A10491-01) supplemented with 10 % foetal bovine calf serum (Gibco, Life Technologies, USA, #16000044), non-essential amino acids (Gibco, Life Technologies, USA, #11140050) and 100 U/mL penicillin, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies, USA, #15140122) to generate complete media. M059J (ATCC, USA, #CRL-2366) cells were grown in media containing a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium and Ham’s F12 Medium (DMEM-F12, ATCC, USA, #30-2006) supplemented with 10 % foetal bovine calf serum, non-essential amino acids and 100 U/mL penicillin, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin. LN18 (ATCC, USA, #CRL-2610) and LN229 (ATCC, USA, #CRL-2611) were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM, ATCC, USA, #30-2002) supplemented with 5 % foetal bovine calf serum and 100 U/mL penicillin, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin. HeLa cells were grown in a humidified, 5 % CO2 incubator at 37 °C in the complete media, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM, ATCC, USA, #30-2002) supplemented with 10 % foetal bovine calf serum and 100 U/mL penicillin, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin.

All GBM cell lines and normal SVGP12 cells were originally purchased from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA). Cells were cultured in DMEM/DME/F-12 1:1 (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's nutrient mixture F-12) (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin (P/S). All cell lines were incubated in a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. The growth media, reagents, and supplements were obtained from Gibco. HA (H3663) and Flag (SAB4200071) antibodies, MG-132 (M7449), and CHX (C7698) were acquired from Sigma (Shanghai, China); PHF19 (77271 S), β-catenin (ab32572), MMP7 (ab38996) antibodies and the Cell Cycle Antibody Sampler Kit (no. 9932), the Cyclin Antibody Sampler Kit (no. 9869), and the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Antibody Sampler Kit (no. 9782) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Shanghai, China). SIAH1 (ab2237), C-myc (ab32), and Axin2 (ab109307) antibodies were obtained from Abcam (Shanghai, China). All antibodies were diluted according to the instructions.