Loganic acid

Acetonitrile for LC-MS was purchased from POCh (Gliwice, Poland). Formic acid was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Loganic acid and loganin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon Nord, France).

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^•), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), FeCl₃, acetonitrile, formic acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Acetic acid was obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). acetonitrile for HPLC was purchased from POCh (Gliwice, Poland). Loganic acid (LA), loganin (Lo), Sweroside (S), gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA, chlorogenic acid), p-coumaric acid (p-CuA), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Q glc), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (Kf glc), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy glc) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon Nord, France). All reagents were of analytical grade.

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^•); 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox); 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), FeCl₃, acetonitrile, formic acid, and S, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetic acid was obtained from Chempur (PiekarySląskie, Poland). acetonitrile for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was purchased from POCh (Gliwice, Poland). Loganic acid, and Lo, p-CA, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA, chlorogenic acid), quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (Kp 3-gluc), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy 3-glc) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon Nord, France). All reagents were of analytical grade.

Loganic acid (LA), loganin (L) quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Q-glc), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (Kf-glc), and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy-glc) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Further, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^•) ferrous chloride, tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ), potassium persulfate, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS^•+), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and gallic acid were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (Steinheim, Germany). Methanol, acetonitrile, formic acid, and hydrochloric acid were obtained from POCh (Gliwice, Poland). All chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.

Cynarine, caffeic acid (CA), chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid (PCA), rutin, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, naringenin 7-O-glucoside, naringenin and catechin standards were purchased from SigmaAldrich (Italy), and loganic acid from Extrasynthese (France). Commercial pectinase enzymes from Aspergillus niger were obtained from SigmaAldrich (Germany).

Acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Loganic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon Nord, France).

All reagents and organic solvents were of analytical grade. Authentic standards of loganic acid, loganin, sweroside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Trans-caftaric acid was purchased from the Cayman Chemical Company (Michigan, EUA, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Trans-coutaric acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were obtained from POCH (Gliwice, Poland).