Hr 200

During the screening visit, the height of the participants was measured to the nearest ± 0.5 cm using an analog wall-mounted stadiometer (HR-200, Tanita Corp, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with their shoes removed and standing erect on flat feet. A bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used at the first visit to determine fat and fat-free masses, and body fat percentage (InBody 570, Cerritos, CA, USA). Body composition analysis occurred between 0600 and 1000 h by trained research personnel according to device specifications, with participants removing jewelry and loose clothing articles and wiping their palms and foot soles with a wipe provided by the manufacturer (InBody tissue, InBody, Cerritos, CA, USA) before standing on the platform with hands and feet in contact with sensors.
At the start of all study visits, participants had their resting heart rate and blood pressure measured using an automated sphygmomanometer (Omron BP785, Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) after being seated with their feet uncrossed on the floor for approximately five minutes. Body mass was measured using a self-calibrating digital scale (Tanita BWB-627A, Tokyo, Japan) and recorded to the nearest ±0.1 kg. Body masses recorded after visit 3 were compared to ensure participants were weight stable through the testing visits [32 (link)].

Participants performed a preliminary session during which anthropometry and maximal aerobic capacity were assessed. Height and weight were also measured using a wall‐mounted stadiometer (HR‐200, Tanita, Arlington Heights, IL) and digital scale (BWB‐800, Tanita, Arlington Heights, IL), respectively. Body composition was measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (GE‐LUNAR Prodigy module, GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI). Aerobic fitness (VO_2max) was assessed using an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on an upright cycle ergometer (Kettler ErgoRace, Virginia Beach, VA) in accordance with guidelines from the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology (CSEP, 1996). Following a self‐paced warmup and at least 10‐minute rest period, the protocol commenced with an external workload of 80 W that increased at a rate of 20 W·min⁻¹ until physical or volitional exhaustion. Expired gases were measured via breath‐by‐breath indirect calorimetry using a metabolic cart (Vmax Encore, Care Fusion, Yorba Linda, CA).

The height (m), body mass (kg), body composition, and waist circumference (cm) of the participants were measured preintervention and postintervention without shoes and with light clothes. Body mass and composition were measured using a hospital-grade body weight scale (TBF 300A, Tanita Corporation of America Inc). Height was measured using a portable wall-mounted height rod (HR-200, Tanita Corporation of America Inc). Waist circumference was measured over participants’ clothing with a measuring tape midway between the 10th rib and the top of the iliac crest. Before the measurements, participants were asked to refrain from the following: (1) drinking alcohol or engaging in moderate to vigorous intensity PA for 12 hours before meeting with the first author, (2) eating or drinking for 3 hours before the meeting, and (3) eating excessively or restrictively within 24 hours of the meeting [44 ].

Prior to all laboratory visits, participants fasted for at least 8 h and abstained from exercise, caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol for at least 24 h. Upon arrival during the initial assessment, participant height was assessed to the nearest ±0.5 cm using an analog wall-mounted stadiometer (HR-200, Tanita Corp, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with their shoes removed and standing erect on flat feet. Body mass was measured prior to all study visits using a self-calibrating digital balance (Tanita BWB-627A, Tokyo, Japan) and was recorded to the nearest ±0.1 kg. Additionally, body masses recorded after 0 and 2 weeks were compared to ensure the participants were weight stable. Any participant whose body mass deviated by more than 2% during this time was excluded from participation. Heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed using an automatic blood pressure monitor (OMRON BP785, Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). All hemodynamic measurements were completed in a supine position after the study participant had arrived in the laboratory and rested quietly on an exam table for approximately 10 min. Participants were assessed for hydration status by providing a mid-flow urine sample analyzed by a handheld urine refractometer.

Children’s body weight and height were measured, using standard protocol and equipment, which was calibrated before and during the period of data collection. A portable stadiometer (HR-200, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) was used to assess body height. Body weight was measured with a body composition analyzer (BC-420 MA, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan). Individual body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body mass (kg) divided by height (m) squared.

Participants rested quietly for approximately 10 min before measuring resting heart rate and blood pressure (Omron BP785, Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). Body mass was determined (Tanita BWB-627A, Tokyo, Japan) and recorded to the nearest ±0.1 kg. Height was measured using a standard wall-mounted stadiometer (Tanita, HR-200, Tokyo, Japan) and recorded to the nearest ±0.5 centimeter (cm).

Participants’ body weight and height were measured using a standard protocol and equipment which was calibrated before and during the period of data collection. Body height was measured in an upright position, barefoot, to the nearest 0.1 cm using a portable stadiometer (HR-200, Tanita). Body mass was assessed with an accuracy of 0.01 kg using a body composition analyser (780 MA, Tanita). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m²). Based on the BMI values, the participants were divided into subgroups: normal weight (BMI: 18.5–24.9), overweight (BMI:25.0–29.9) and obesity (BMI > 30.0)⁷ .