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Cm h2dcfda dye

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CM-H2DCFDA dye is a fluorescent indicator used to detect the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological samples. It is a cell-permeant indicator that is non-fluorescent until it is oxidized by ROS, at which point it emits a fluorescent signal. This dye can be used to monitor oxidative stress in cells and tissues.

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35 protocols using cm h2dcfda dye

1

Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways

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Cell culture supplies including DMEM/F-12 media, RPMI 1640 media, penicillin/streptomycin, L-glutamine, fetal bovine serum (FBS), CM-H2DCFDA dye and MitoSox® dye were purchased from Invitrogen. Rotenone, mouse anti-β actin antibody, mitoTEMPO, disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), BSA lyophilized powder and acridine orange (AO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Lipopolysaccharide (E. Coli O111:B4) (LPS) and c-Abl antibody were purchased from EMD Millipore. Dasatinib (DAS), p-c-Abl (pY412), PKCδ, p-PKCδ (pY311), phospho-IκBα, iNOS, ASC, TOM20, lamin B, tubulin and p65 antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Beclin1, NLRP3, caspase-1, LC3B, p-c-Abl (pY245), IL-1β and IL-18 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. TFEB antibody was Bethyl laboratories, Inc. Caspase 1 (p10) antibody was purchased from Adipogen. The mouse IL-1β and IL-18 ELISA kits from eBiosciences.
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2

Eugenol-Induced ROS Measurement

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HEK-293 cells or NIH-3T3 cells were seeded into 6-well plates at a density of 3x105 cells/well in fully supplemented DMEM for 24 h before they were treated with 50 µg/ml eugenol for 6 h at 37˚C. Untreated and eugenol-treated cells were subsequently harvested in fully supplemented DMEM, centrifuged for 5 min at 200 x g and 4˚C and suspended in Dulbecco's PBS (DPBS) containing the 10 µM CM-H2DCFDA dye (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with or without 50 µM H2O2, at 37˚C in the dark for 30 min. The cells were then pelleted and resuspended in ice-cold DPBS prior to the addition of propidium iodide (1 µg/ml) to the cells for 5 min at room temperature, for analysis by flow cytometry (MoFlo® flow cytometer; Beckman Coulter, Inc.) by measuring fluorescence emission at 525 nm (PI) following excitation at 488 nm (DCFDA/FITC). Since live cells are impermeant to propidium iodide, only cells negative for propidium iodide staining were assessed for ROS production. Data was analyzed by Kaluza C Analysis software 2.1 (Beckman Coulter, Inc.).
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3

Quantifying Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species

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The level of ROS was measured using the CM-H2DCFDA dye (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). CM-H2DCFDA was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to obtain a 10 mM dye, which was then diluted in PBS containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ to achieve the final concentration of 10 μM. Cells were seeded in a 96-well black plate at a density of 5 × 104 cells/well. After overnight incubation, cells were pretreated with various concentrations of the PCS extract and subsequently treated with MGO (1 mM) for 1 h. The cells were then fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 10 min at room temperature, followed by staining with 10 μM CM-H2DCFDA for 30 min at 37°C. After staining, cells were washed twice with PBS containing Ca2+ and Mg2+, and the plate was covered with aluminum foil. Fluorescent intensity was measured immediately at an excitation/emission wavelength of 495/527 nm using a fluorescence microplate reader.
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4

Quantifying Oxidative Stress in 661w Cells

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A general oxidative stress indicator, CM-H2DCFDA, was used to examine the change in ROS levels in the 661w cell line. After 48 h incubation, the 661w cells were harvested. The cells pallets were resuspended in 300 μL PBS and divided into two equal portions. One portion of the cells was stained with 50 μL CM-H2DCFDA dye (C6827, Invitrogen) at a working concentration of 10μM, and the second was stained with Hoechst 33342, a nuclear dye, for normalization. The cells were then incubated at 37 °C for one hour and protected from light. Subsequently, the cells were washed with PBS, centrifuged at 210× g for 6 min, and lysed with buffer containing 0.75 M HCL and 0.2% Triton-X 100 at room temperature for 30 min in darkness. The supernatants were collected after centrifuging the cell lysate at 21,380× g for 5 min, and 100 μL was added to a well of a 96-well plate with a technical replicate. The fluorescence level was measured by a CLARIOstar® microplate reader (BMG LABTECH, Ortenberg, Germany).
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5

ROS Detection in Cell Cultures

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Approximately 50,000 cells in complete cell culture medium (CTCM) were seeded per well in a 96-well plate. After infection, cells were incubated with 10 μM CM-H2DCFDA dye (Invitrogen) in the dark at 37°C for 30 mins. Cells were washed with Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) with calcium and magnesium. Fluorescence was measured using a Fluostar Omega (BMG Biotech) fluorimeter with setup excitation at 485 nm and emission at 540 nm.
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6

Evaluating Cellular ROS Production by Fluorescence Microscopy

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ROS production was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy using oxidation of CM-H2DCFDA dye (Invitrogen, CA, USA) (Chen et al., 2012 (link)). The cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were cultured for 24 hrs before being rinsed with PBS solution. Samples were stained by applying a loading buffer containing 2 μM reconstituted CM-H2DCFDA dye in medium for 30 minutes. The stained samples were washed with PBS three times and set aside for 5 minutes of recovery time for cellular esterases to hydrolyze the AM or acetate groups and render the dye responsive to oxidation. Hanks’ buffer, containing TiO2 NPs at concentrations ranging from 0–500 μg/ml and CeO2 NPs in 50 μg/ml, was then incubated with the cells for 15 minutes in 37°C followed by PBS washing. Fluorescent images of ROS generated in cells were captured and analyzed by calculating the ratio of increase in fluorescent intensity between different treatments and control groups.
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7

Evaluating Cellular Responses to Bioactive Compounds

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), trypan blue, paraformaldehyde, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT), ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid G, lucidenic acid A, and ergosterol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, fetal bovine serum, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dye (DAPI), dihydroethidium (DHE), fluorescein phalloidin dye, annexin-V-conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dye, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) dye, propidium iodide (PI) dye, bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) kit, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, CM-H2DCFDA dye, MitoSOX Red, penicillin/streptomycin, protease inhibitor cocktail, 0.25% (w/v) trypsin containing 1 mM EDTA, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were all purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kits were obtained from Roche (Basel, Switzerland). Primary antibodies against Nrf2 and Keap1 were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Other primary antibodies and secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
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8

Gingerol-induced ROS Quantification

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Gingerol induced ROS generation was evaluated by staining cells with CM-H2-DCFDA dye (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cells were harvested by trypsinization, pretreated with or without NAC (4 mM) at 37°C for 1 h and washed with PBS twice. Thereafter cells were resuspended in serum free media and stained with 5 mM CM-H2-DCFDA in dark with continuous shaking for 30 min. Stained cells were washed and resuspended in serum free media. Both NAC pretreated and untreated cells were treated with 6-gingerol and fluorescence was measured in slow kinetics mode for 6 h in BMG Fluostar Omega spectrofluorimeter.
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9

Evaluating Cell Stress Responses

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The CM-H2DCFDA dye, Fluo-4 AM calcium dye (Molecular Probes, United States), and JC-1 dye (Molecular Probes, United States) were employed to assess ROS, calcium, and MMP, respectively. The fluorescent images of calcium and JC-1 were captured by a confocal microscope. H9c2 cells (1 × 104/well) were seeded in μ-Slide 8-well glass bottom plates. Cells were labeled by Fluo-4 AM or JC-1 probe for 30 min after LS102 treatment according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The fluorescent intensity of images was analyzed by using the Image J software and a randomly captured method was used to make sure there were three fields per group. The fluorescence intensity of calcium, ROS were detected by the flow cytometer. All cells in the 6-well plates were collected and then suspended in a pre-warmed DMEM buffer containing CM-H2DCFDA or Fluo-4 AM calcium dye. Each group (1 × 104 cells) intensity was calculated as representation.
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10

ROS Detection in Skeletal Muscle

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For ROS detection, fresh-frozen TA muscle cryosections (8 μm) were incubated for 30 min at 37°C with 10 μM CM-H2DCF-DA dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oregon, USA) in Hank's buffered salt solution. Then, the muscles were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 min at room temperature. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33258 (1 : 5,000) in PBS. After rinsing, the muscles were mounted with a fluorescent mounting medium (Dako, USA) under a glass slide and viewed and photographed using the Motic BA310 epifluorescence microscope [31 (link)].
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