Miniflex x ray diffractometer

Powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) spectra of micronized CFZ-HCl crystals at different stages of manufacturing were taken by Rigaku Miniflex X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku-USA Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) using Cu Kα radiation, a tube voltage of 30 kV, and a tube current of 15 mA. Measurements were taken from 5° to 40° at a continuous scan rate of 2.5°/min.

XRD was performed to study the polymorphic changes in the lipids and drugs used in the formulation of SLNs [32 (link)]. The analysis was carried out using Rigaku Miniflex X-ray Diffractometer (Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). A double-sided adhesive tape was applied over the sample holder and powdered (ground) samples were poured onto the sample holder using a thin spatula. The intensity of the diffracted beam was analyzed in a 2θ range between 10° and 70°. All of the samples were analyzed using JADE software (Livermore, CA, USA).

Crystalline phases of the synthesized NPs were analyzed by Rigaku MiniFlex X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Tokyo, Japan) with Cu Kα (λ 1.540593 Å) radiation in the scan range 5–90°. The morphology and size of synthesized NPs were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Lyra, Tescan and Helios 5UX, FEI, Eindhoven, Netherland) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai F20, FEI, Eindhoven, Netherland). Average hydrodynamic diameter (dh) and zeta (ζ) potential of NPs (50 mg/L) in DI water and 2% NaCl solution were measured using Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Worcestershire, UK). The dh and ζ-potential were measured in 1mL DTS1061 folded capillary cell (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK) immediately after preparation (0 h) and after 24 h. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR, Varian 800 FT-IR, Scimitar Series, Fitchburg, WI, USA) measurements were recorded on a Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR, GladiATR^TM, Pike technologies, Fitchburg, WI, USA) mode in the range of 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹ at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ after 50 continuous scans.

TEM images were taken on a Hitachi H-9000NAR instrument operated at 300 kV. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a Rigaku MiniFlex X-ray diffractometer (CuKα, Ni filter). Analyses of the surface area and pore structure were carried out using a Quantachrome AUTOSORB-1 automated gas-sorption system with N₂ as the adsorbate, after pretreatment of the sample at 200 °C for 2 h under reduced pressure. The BET surface area was calculated from the adsorption branch of the isotherm. Ultraviolet and visible-light diffuse reflection (UV-vis DR) spectra were obtained with a Hitachi U-4100 UV-vis-NIR spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere using BaSO₄ as a reference. The reflectance spectra were converted to absorbance spectra by the Kubelka–Munk method.

The morphology of purified AgNPs was scanned by field emission scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi SU6600, Japan) by taking a thin sheet of AgNPs that were mounted on the carbon-coated copper grid. The X-ray diffraction analysis of synthesized biogenic AgNPs was conducted by using Rigaku Miniflex X-ray diffractometer with Cu-Ka radiations 2θ = 0.15406 nm from 30 to 80° with 2 h running time.