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54 protocols using sb 334867

1

Orexin A and SB334867 Application

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Orexin A and N‐(2‐methyl‐6‐benzoxazolyl)‐N’‐1,5‐naphthyridin‐4‐yl urea (SB334867) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, United Kingdom). Orexin A was dissolved in deionized water to form stock solutions and diluted with aCSF solution to designated final concentrations. SB334867 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The final DMSO concentration in bath solution was 0.05%, which had on effects on the firing activity of PVN neurons.
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2

Orexin and Sigma-1 Receptor Modulation

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OXA (17-33), i.e., truncated orexin A, a selective OX1 agonist [30 (link)], SB-334867, a selective nonpeptide OX1 antagonist [31 (link)], and BD-1047 and NE-100 (Sigma-1 antagonists) were obtained from Tocris (Bio-Techne Corporation, Minneapolis, MN, USA). VU0155056, a PLD inhibitor [34 (link)], was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Cocaine was supplied by the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s Drug Supply Program. All other chemicals were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), unless otherwise mentioned.
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3

OX1R and OX2R Antagonists in Alcohol-Quinine Drinking

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After 3-wk of LDA, mice began to be handled for habituation and systemic injections. The selective OX1R antagonist, SB-334867 (SB, Tocris), was dissolved in 2% DMSO in 25% (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (Sigma) and 0.9% saline; the OX2R antagonist TCS-OX2-29 (TCS, Tocris) (Huang et al., 2010 (link); Plaza-Zabala et al., 2013 (link)) was dissolved in 0.9% saline. Animals were injected, intraperitoneally (i.p.), 30-min prior to the drinking sessions. Subjects received either 0, 0.3, 1, 3 or 10-mg/kg-body-weight of SB, or 3 or 10-mg/kg-body-weight of TCS at a volume of 10-ml/kg (similar to previously used volumes, e.g. Olney et al., 2015 (link)). The selected SB doses were lower than what was previously used because we hypothesized mice drinking alcohol-quinine would be more sensitive to the effects of OX1R inhibition. Each given dose was injected twice (on different test days) and averaged per mouse; injections were counter-balanced with their vehicle across test days and mice using a Latin Squares design. There was at least one drinking session day between drug treatments to limit the impact of carryover effects after drug treatment, and drinking levels returned to baseline on these untreated days (not shown). Also, no more than two injections were performed in a given week (Fig. 1). The SacQ group was treated with either 0- or 3-mg/kg-body-weight of SB.
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4

Intraperitoneal Injection of SB-334867

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SB-334867 (SB; Tocris Bioscience; Minneapolis, MN, USA) was suspended in a solution consisting of 2% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% 2-hydroxypropyl-6-cyclodextrin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in sterile water. Vehicle was 2% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% 2-hydroxypropyl-6-cyclodextrin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in sterile water. Both SB and vehicle were administered via intraperitoneal injection at a volume of 4 ml/kg. SB dose was 20 mg/kg and was injected at a concentration of 20mg/4ml. Injection was given 30 min prior to Test 3 and Test 4 (see below).
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5

Intracerebral Ventricle Injection Protocol

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Under sterile conditions, an injection catheter was inserted into the left cerebral ventricle of rats in the antagonist group. One hour before surgery, each rat received pre-treatment with gentamicin (0.1 mL/100 g, intramuscular injection), and was anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (0.3 mL/100 g, intraperitoneal injection). Rats were positioned in a stereotaxic frame (ZS-B/S, Beijing Zhongshi Dichuang Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), and the co-ordinates used to map the guide cannula were as follows: 1.0 mm posterior to bregma, 1.5 mm lateral to the midline, and 4.5 mm ventral to the skull surface, with the incisor bar 3.2 mm below the interauricular line. Following surgery, rats received an injection of SB334867 (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO, USA), 10 mg/kg dissolved in 5 μL of 60:40 dimethyl sulfoxide solution. After rats awoke from anesthesia, they were prepared for median nerve electrical stimulation treatment.
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6

Pharmacological Inhibition of OX1R

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The OX1R antagonist SB-334867 (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO, USA), was dissolved in 10% (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich) in sterile water, and administered (20 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at a volume of 2 ml/kg.
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7

Hypocretin Receptor Antagonist Protocol

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The following purified antibodies were purchased: hypocretin 1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc‐80263, 1:250), hypocretin 2 (Abcam, ab229714, 1:500), beta‐actin (β‐actin) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, SC‐8432, 1:1000), prepro‐hypocretin (Millipore and Sigma, AB3096, 1:500), P38 (Cell Signaling, #9212, 1:1000) and phospho‐p38 (Cell Signaling, #4511, 1:1000). Recombinant tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) was obtained from R&D Systems. TNF‐α neutralizing antibody was purchased from BD Biosciences and Cell Signaling (11 969, used as indicated). Rat IgG was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (415 005 166, used as indicated). The hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1 (HcrtR1/OX1R) antagonist SB334867 was purchased from Tocris (United Kingdom). All other reagents were purchased from Cell Signaling, Thermo Fisher Scientific (P‐SUWANEE, GA), Sigma‐Aldrich or Bio‐Rad.
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8

Microinjection of Orexin Receptor Antagonists

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Microinjection using a micropump was carried out 30 min before the behavioral tests. The Orx 1 receptor (Ox1R) antagonist SB334867 (SB, 25 mM, #1455, Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK) and Orx 2 receptor (Ox2R) antagonist TCS-OX2-29 (TCS, 33.3 μg/μL, #1457, Tocris Bioscience) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, #196055, MP Biomedicals, California, USA) and saline were injected to the mPFC, respectively [22 ].
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9

Orexin-A Receptor Antagonist Signaling

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Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical, Co. (St. Louis. MO, United States). Orexin-A and SB334867 were purchased from Tocris (Bristol, United Kingdom). LY294002 and GF109203X were purchased from ApexBio (Boston, MA, United States). Results shown in the figures were representative of at least three independent experiments. All values in the figures and the text were expressed as mean ± SEM. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 software and Prism 5.0. The results were analyzed by one-way or two-way analysis of variance followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test for multiple comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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10

Orexin Receptor Antagonists in Ethanol Effects

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To determine if the effects from OX agonists might be due to endogenous OX activity and also which receptor might participate in these effects, Set 6 (N = 13) was initially treated like Set 4, with n = 6 cannulated in the aPVT and n = 7 in the pPVT. They were injected with the OX2R antagonist TCS OX2 29 (10 nmol; Tocris Bioscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA) (Hirose et al., 2003 (link)) or vehicle, counterbalanced in a within-subject design across two ethanol days, and then, after one week of recovery, were injected with the OX1R antagonist SB 334867 (10 nmol; Tocris) (Smart et al., 2001 (link)) or vehicle. The OX2R antagonist was dissolved in 0.9% NaCl (Hospira), at a dose that produced behavioral effects with pPVT injection (Li et al., 2011b (link)), while SB 334867 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
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