The PM1 samples were collected at sites P1–P4 near four working power plants. The PM1 samples were collected using a three-stage impactor—Dekati® PM10 impactor (Finland) with a flow rate of 30 dm3/min. The cut-off diameters of the impactor stages were 10, 2.5 and 1 µm. The samples with a diameter above 1 µm were collected on 25 mm Nuclepore membranes (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, UK). The PM1 was collected employing 47 mm Teflon filters (Pall International Ltd., New York, NY, USA). The average volumes of air aspired by the filters was approx. 300 m3. Blank filters were stored in the sampling area. According to the manufacturer’s information, the impactor is characterized by uncertainties below 2.8%. The inlet tube was installed 1.5 m above the ground, which is important for human exposure. The membranes and filters were conditioned before and after sampling (temperature 20 ± 1 °C, relative humidity 50% ± 5%) for 48 h and weighted with a microbalance precision of 1 μg (MXA5/1, RADWAG, Poland). The separated submicron particles (PM1) were determined by dividing the mass by the air volume (µg/m3).
Nuclepore membrane
Manufactured by Cytiva
Sourced in United Kingdom
Nuclepore membrane is a type of filtration membrane used in various laboratory applications. It is made from a thin, uniform polycarbonate film with precisely engineered microscopic pores. The Nuclepore membrane provides consistent pore size distribution and high porosity, enabling efficient filtration and separation of particles, cells, and molecules.
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Lab products found in correlation
Mini extruder, by Avanti Polar Lipids (2 mentions)
Axiocam mrc, by Zeiss (2 mentions)
Nova nanosem 230, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ares g2, by TA Instruments (1 mentions)
Falcon tube, by BD (1 mentions)
Nuclepore filter, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Cacl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Urea, by Sangon (1 mentions)
Jem 1200, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Geminisem 500, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Axio scope a1, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Genexpert ultra, by Cepheid (1 mentions)
Jsm 5900lv, by JEOL (1 mentions)
L α phosphatidylcholine type 2 s, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
15 protocols using nuclepore membrane
1
PM1 Sampling Methodology for Power Plants
2
Characterization of Airborne Graphene Nanoplatelets
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The graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were provided by XG Science, USA. The average geometric lateral dimension was 5 μm. The specific surface area was 120 -150 m 2 g -1 and the true density was 2.2 g cm -3 . Airborne GNPs were produced via a Collison type atomizer by atomizing 0.02 wt% GNPs suspension. GNPs were dispersed in water and ultrasonicated for 20 min before atomizing to avoid agglomeration. Airborne GNPs were collected on Nuclepore membranes (WHA-111112, Whatman International, UK) for structure characterization and geometric size measurement. Nuclepore filters are thin polycarbonate films with uniform cylindrical holes perpendicular to the filter surface. The morphology, lateral size and thickness of airborne GNPs were measured via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, Nova NanoSEM 230, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM, Solver Nano, NT-MDT Spectrum Instrument, Russia). The aerodynamic diameter of airborne GNPs was detected by the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS, model 3321, TSI Inc., USA).
3
Mechanical Properties of B. subtilis Biofilms
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Various B. subtilis biofilms were prepared to test the mechanical properties. More specifically, nuclepore membranes (diameter, 25 mm; pore size, 0.2 μm; Whatman) were placed on top of MSgg minimal medium agar plate containing various calcium concentrations (0, 7, 700, and 7000 μM), and 2.5 μl of B. subtilis cell suspension (precultured in LB overnight) was dropped onto the membranes, followed by incubation at 30°C for 2 days. Rheological properties of the prepared biofilms (with membrane) were measured using TA Instruments ARES-G2 equipped with an Advanced Peltier System (APS) for temperature control. All measurements were performed using an APS flat plate for the bottom geometry and a 25-mm diameter for the upper parallel plate geometry with a nominal gap of 100 μm. A solvent trap was used to prevent water evaporation and sample drying during the measurements. During the rheology test, a small compressive force of 0.1 N was applied, and the stress growth tests were performed at a constant frequency of 5 × 10−5 rad/s. As comparisons, alginate gels that were ionically cross-linked by Ca2+ were prepared by the addition of 1 ml of 0, 7, 700, and 7000 μM calcium solutions, respectively, to petri dishes (35 mm) that contained sodium alginate films (2 weight % in DI water). The cross-linked gels were peeled off from the dishes for rheology tests.
4
Seasonal Aquatic Microbiome Sampling
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Samples were collected monthly, from April 2011 to April 2013, in a pond (La Claye) and a brook (Ru Sainte Anne). These two semi-permanent small freshwater systems are located in the Natural Regional Park of the Haute Vallée de Chevreuse (France, South of Paris). See Simon et al. (2015a) (link) for more details on these sites and the sampling procedure. Briefly, surface water was systematically collected in the morning at ca. 10 a.m. using sterile bottles and processed immediately back in the laboratory (around 25 km away from the sampling site). The whole sampling processing, including nutrient measurements was completed within 4–5 h. Planktonic cells were collected onto 0.2 μm pore-size Nuclepore filters (Whatman) after a pre-filtration step through 5 μm pore-size Nuclepore membranes (Whatman). Filters were then stored frozen at -20°C until DNA extraction. During drought periods, when the freshwater systems underwent complete desiccation, samples were collected by directly scratching the surface of the dry sediment (top 1 cm) with 50 ml sterile Falcon tubes (Becton Dickinson, Biosciences), then transferred to 5 ml sterile cryotubes back to the laboratory and immediately frozen until DNA extraction.
5
Helminth Egg Detection in Stool and Urine
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Stool and urine samples were collected each morning from each participant and were placed in 60 mL screw-cap vials with indication of gender, age of the child and school. These samples were stored in a portable cooler and transported to the laboratory at the Université des Montagnes for examination on the same day. The two techniques used were those that Tchuem-Tchuenté et al. [14 (link)] used in their study. Each urine sample was shaken vigorously to ensure adequate dispersion of eggs and 10 mL were filtered through a Whatmann® Nuclepore membrane. The filter was then examined to detect the presence of S. haematobium eggs. Stool samples were examined by the thick smear technique using a 41.7 mg Kato-Katz template and each slide was read immediately after its preparation. Parasite eggs were identified according to the keys by Thienpont et al. [18 ] and Kaufmann [19 ]. The results were expressed as the numbers of helminth eggs per 10 mL of urine (S. haematobium) or per gram of faecal matter (epg) for each species of helminth found in the stools.
6
Ginseng Lateral Root Meristem Analysis
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The ginseng plants used in the experiment all demonstrated good growth and were the same ginseng species produced from a plantation in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province. Multiple two-year-old, four-year-old, and six-year-old ginseng seedlings were selected, and the lateral root meristems were used as the samples. Soluble starch was provided from Yingda Sparseness & Nobel Reagent Chemical Factory (Tianjin, China); glutaraldehyde was provided by Tianjin Bodi Chemical; sodium alginate was provided by Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute (Tianjin, China); CaCl2 was provided by Sigma Corporation (USA); the Nuclepore membrane was provided by Whatman (UK); disodium inosinate, disodium guanylate, sodium glutamate, and urea were provided by Sangong Biotech (Shanghai, China); NaNO3, HNO3, and absolute ethanol were provided by Guangfu Reagent (Tianjin, China); and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was provided by Tianshun (Shijiazhuang, China). All reagents were of analytical grade, and the water used in the experiments was ultrapure.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of OXA/HCQ Codelivery Nanoparticles
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The OXA/HCQ codelivery NPs were synthesized according to the previous method with some modifications. Briefly, 30 mg PLGA (50:50, 0.67 dL/g Lactel Absorbable Polymers) was dissolved with 5 mL DMF (dimethyl formamide) in a round-bottom flask as the oil phase. Then, 5 mL 1% w/v PVA solution containing 20 mg HCQ and 25 mg OXA was used as a water phase, and was added dropwise into the oil phase with stirring overnight. Afterwards, the resultant mixture was transferred to a dialysis bag (MW,10 KD) for 48 h and then lyophilized for the further applications. EE and EC were quantified by the following Eqs. (1 ) and (2 ), respectively.
H-NPs or TH-NPs were prepared according to the published methods [42 (link)]. Briefly, the derived membrane vesicles were mixed with PLGA NPs and then were extruded through the 400 nm and 200 nm Nuclepore membrane (Whatman) under the mini-extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids). The morphology of the NPs, H-NPs and TH-NPs were observed under TEM (JEM-1200, Jeol Ltd, Japan) with uranyl acetate (0.2 wt%) or SEM (Zeiss, GeminiSEM 500). The size and zeta potential were measured on Zetasizer (Malvern, UK).
H-NPs or TH-NPs were prepared according to the published methods [42 (link)]. Briefly, the derived membrane vesicles were mixed with PLGA NPs and then were extruded through the 400 nm and 200 nm Nuclepore membrane (Whatman) under the mini-extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids). The morphology of the NPs, H-NPs and TH-NPs were observed under TEM (JEM-1200, Jeol Ltd, Japan) with uranyl acetate (0.2 wt%) or SEM (Zeiss, GeminiSEM 500). The size and zeta potential were measured on Zetasizer (Malvern, UK).
8
Preparation of Soybean-Cardiolipin Liposomes
9
Quantifying Transparent Exopolymer Particles
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The abundance and area of TEP were measured microscopically (Engel, 2009 ). Depending on the concentration of TEP, 10–30 ml of the sample was filtered onto a 0.4 μm Nuclepore membrane (Whatman), and stained with 1 ml Alcian Blue solution (0.2 g l−1 w/v) for 3 s. Filters were subsequently mounted on Cytoclear® slides and stored at −20°C. The Zeiss Axio Scope. A1 (Zeiss) and the AxioCam MRc (Zeiss) were used to analyze two filters per sample with 30 images each. The pictures were saved using AxioVision LE64 Rel. 4.8 (Zeiss) with a resolution of 1388 × 1040 pixels. All particles bigger than 0.2 μm2 were analyzed. Subsequent image analysis was conducted with ImageJ (Schneider et al., 2012 (link)). Two filters of 30 ml MilliQ water served as a blank.
10
Ultra-thin Resin Gel Sheets for LA-ICP-MS
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Ultra-thin (50 µm-thick) resin gels sheets and calibration standards for the LA-ICP-MS were prepared following the method described in Lehto, et al.31 (link). The details of this procedure are provided in the Supporting Information (S,iv). Hydrated resin gel sheet was trimmed to size (approx. dimensions: 50 × 70 mm) and placed between two sheets of acid washed Nuclepore membrane (pore size: 0.4 µm; thickness: 10 µm) (Whatman, Maidstone, U.K.). Herein, these three layers, specially designed for high-resolution measurements, are referred to as “High-Resolution DGT” (HR-DGT).
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