Galactitol

Trehalose, fructose, succrose, maltose, glucose, arabinose, maltotriose isomaltotriose, xylose and were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry, TCI, (Europe, Belgium); ribose, raffinose, melibiose, gentiobiose, isomaltose and panose were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry, TCI, (Tokyo, Japan); iso-erythritol, galactitol, turanose, galactose, isomaltotriose, mannitol, rhamnose and sorbitol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate trihydrate were from Merck (Darmstad, Germany). All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (Thermofisher TKA MicroPure water purification system, 0.055 µS/cm). Standard solutions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose were prepared at 1000 ng/mL concentration, whereas 100 ng/mL was concentration of the rest of compounds. Calibration standards were prepared from the stock solutions by dilution with ultrapure water. The quality-control mixture used for monitoring instrument performance was prepared by diluting standards to concentrations in the range 0.9–100 ng/mL (depending on the concentration in samples).

All the materials used were of the highest grade of purity. No further purification was necessary. D-galactose (G5388), L-galactose (G7134), galactose 1-phosphate (G0380), galactitol (D0256), human tubular fluid (HTF) medium, M2 medium, anti-α tubulin antibody, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugate anti-goat antibody, 4′,6′-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 1% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), 0.1% M Glycine, and 0.1% Triton X- 100 were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Normal Goat Serum (2%) was from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY), 0.2% Powder Milk (Nestle) from grocery and anti-fade agent was obtained from Biomedia, CA. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay kit (ab186029, Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and In Situ Cell Death Detection kit, AP (11684795910, Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany) were procured from respective commercial sources.

Analytical-grade Na₂CO₃, KOH, acetic anhydride, NaBH₄, and tris-(hydroxymethyl) methyl aminomethane were purchased from Fengchuan Chemical Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Analytical-grade ethanol acetic anhydride, CH₂Cl₂, and acetone were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). TFA, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 1-methylimidazole were obtained from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The 17 standard compounds of monosaccharides and alditols (d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, d-fructose, d-xylose, d-arabinose, l-fucose, l-rhamnose, l-inositol, d-ribitol, sorbitol, galactitol, mannitol, xylitol, arabinitol, fucitol, and rhamnitol), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich China (Shanghai, China). Pectinase (>500 µ/mg) from Aspergillus was purchased from Sangon (Shanghai, China). Type-I porcine a-amylase (250 µ/mg) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich China.