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3 protocols using dl dithiothreitol

1

Epigenetic Modifications Analysis

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Single-stranded M13mp18 viral DNA, T4-βGT (10 units/μl), MspI (20 units/μL) and uridine-diphosphoglucose (UDP-Glc) were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA, USA). TET1 was purchased from Wisegene (Chicago, IL, USA). ARP [aldehyde reactive probe; O-(biotinylcarbazoylmethyl) hydroxylamine] was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Recombinant human TDG protein was purchased from Novus Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA). Real-time PCR mix was purchased from Takara (Kyoto, Japan). All short oligonucleotides including staple DNAs were purchased from Eurofins Genomics (Tokyo Japan). Chemically modified DNA oligonucleotides were obtained from Japan Bioservices (Saitama, Japan). Ammonium iron (II) sulfate hexahydrate, l-ascorbic acid, α-ketoglutarate, dl-dithiothreitol, adenosine triphosphate, 25% glutaraldehyde acid were purchased from Wako pure chemical industries (Kyoto, Japan). 1 M HEPES buffer (pH 7.5), 1 M Tris buffer (pH 7.6) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The buffer 10× NEB 4 [500 mM potassium acetate, 200 mM Tris-acetate, 100 mM magnesium acetate, 10 mM DTT], and 10× cut smart buffer [500 mM potassium acetate, 200 mM Tris-acetate, 100 mM magnesium acetate, 1 mg/ml BSA] were provided by New England Biolabs.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Cys(StBu) Conjugates

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S-tert-butylmercapto-L-cysteine (Cys(StBu); Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), triphosgene (TCI, purity > 98.0%), (1S)-(-)-α-pinene (TCI, purity > 97.0%), PEG-OH (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA, Mn~5000), methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl; TCI, purity > 99.0%), triethylamine (Et3N; TCI, purity > 99.0%), chloroform (Wako, Tokyo, Japan, purity~99.0%), isopropanol (IPA; Wako, purity~98%), hexane (Wako, purity~95%), ammonia solution (Wako, ~28 wt%), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphtalene (tetralin; TCI, purity > 98.0%), DL-dithiothreitol (DTT; TCI, purity > 98.0%), pyridine (Wako, purity~99.0%), butyric anhydride (TCI, purity > 98.0%), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; TCI, purity~98.0%) were used as received. Super-dehydrated tetrahydrofuran (THF; Kanto Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan, purity > 99.5%) and super-dehydrated N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; Kanto Chemicals, purity > 99.5%) were further purified using a purification column (solvent dispensing system; glass contour; HANSEN & CO., Ltd., London, UK). Water for supplying the solution to the mice was prepared through the process of distillation and deionization using Milli-Q reference (Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4; Aldrich) was used as received.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Tartaric Acid Derivatives

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l-Tartaric, d-tartaric,
and meso-tartaric acids were purchased from Nacalai
Tesque. 3-Buten-1-ol, Sc(OTf)3, ethylene bis(thioglycolate)
(EBTG), 1,2-ethanedithiol (ED), d,l-dithiothreitol
(DTT), 1,4-butanedithiol (BD), and 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)
(AIBN) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries.
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