Recombinant human interleukin il 1β

Recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1β and TNF-α were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12), DMEM, and penicillin–streptomycin were purchased from Welgene (Daegu, Korea). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA).

E-GS was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Oil Red O was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, Inc. DMEM, penicillin, gentamicin, and FBS were acquired from Hyclone Laboratories, Inc. (Logan, UT, USA). Recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1β was obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Anti-CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α and β, anti-sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), anti-peroxisome proliferator activator gamma (PPARγ), and anti-β-actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Antibodies against extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated ERK, Akt, phosphorylated Akt, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylated JNK, NF-κB, phosphorylated NF-κB, p38, and phosphorylated p38 were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Phosphorylated levels of proteins were normalized to their respective total protein levels for each phosphorylation analysis.