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7 protocols using c peptide

1

Metabolic Biomarker Profiling in Diabetes

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In the cohort study, participants’ blood HbA1c, FBG, C-peptide, WBC, NEUT, LYMPH, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels were measured according to uniform national quality control protocols. Serum GLP-1 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK; ab184857), FGF19 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; DF1900), LBP (Panchao Biotechnology, Shanghai, China; PCDBH0284), and IL-1β (Panchao Biotechnology, PCDBH0247) concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
In the animal experiments, HbA1c was determined by an enzymatic method using a Hitachi 7180 Clinical Analyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Serum insulin (Crystal Chem Inc., 90080), C-peptide (Crystal Chem Inc., 90050), IL-1β (Abcam, ab197742), and LBP (Abcam, ab269542) concentrations were measured using the mouse ELISA kits as per the manufacturer’s instructions.
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2

Colorimetric Biomarker Quantification Protocol

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Colorimetric reagents were used to measure the following analytes: glucose (Cat #997-03001, Wako Scientific, Richmond, VA, United States), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (Wako Scientific NEFA-HR, Richmond, VA, United States), triglycerides, and total cholesterol (Cat #T7532 and #C7510, Pointe Scientific, Canton, MI). The following analytes were determined by ELISA: IL-6 (Cat #K15069L-1, Meso Scale Discovery, Rockville, MD, United States), insulin, and C-peptide (Cat #90080 and #90050, Crystal Chem, Elk Grove Village, IL, United States). Homeostatic Model Assessment for insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin values using the equation HOMA-IR = Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) × Fasting plasma insulin (ng/ml)/18.05 (Matthews et al., 1985 (link)).
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3

Comprehensive Metabolic Profiling of Mice

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Commercially-available colorimetric assay kits were used to measure the activity and/or concentration in whole blood or blood plasma of each of the following: Hemoglobin A1c (Catalog #80,310, Crystal Chem, Elk Grove Village); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (Cat#MAK052, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis);, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (Cat#MAK055, MilliporeSigma), triglycerides (Cat#100,103,003, Cayman Chemical), and urea concentration (Cat#MAK006). Plasma adiponectin (Cat#80,569), C-Peptide (Cat#90,050), insulin (Cat#90,080), and leptin (Cat#90,030) concentrations were assessed by ELISA (Crystal Chem). All samples were measured in triplicate and samples from a minimum of three mice were measured per study timepoint.
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4

Measuring Plasma C-peptide, FGF21, and GLP-1

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C-peptide (Crystal Chem, #90050) and FGF21 (EZRMFGF21–26 K; Millipore, Billerica, MA) were analyzed individually by ELISA assay and total GLP-1 was determined using the Meso Scale Assay System (Cat# K150JVC, Mesoscale Discovery, Rockville, MD) in EDTA-collected plasma.
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5

Glucose Homeostasis Assessment in Mice

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Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed after at least a 3-day resting period following the MR session (described below). Six-hour fasted mice (food removed at ~07:30 h) received a glucose load of 1.5 g/kg by oral gavage, and blood glucose was monitored from the tail tip with a glucometer (Breeze, Bayer, Zürich, Switzerland) for 2 h. The area under the curve (AUC) in the glucose versus time plot was calculated to assess glucose clearance from the blood. An insulin tolerance test (ITT) was then performed after a minimum 3-day resting period by intraperitoneal injection of insulin (0.75 IU/kg, Humulin, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark, diluted in 0.9% NaCl). Blood glucose was monitored from the tail tip for 3 h and the area above the curve (AAC) was calculated for the glucose versus time plots. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure fasting insulin (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) and C-peptide (Crystal Chem, Downers Grove, IL, USA) levels in the plasma. Insulin sensitivity was estimated with the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) as the inverse of the log 10 sum of fasting insulin (μIU/mL) and fasting glucose (mg/dL).
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6

Multiplex Cytokine and SCFA Analysis

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Plasma cytokine/chemokine levels (eotaxin, CCL5, CXCL10, G-CSF, GM-CSF, Fractalkine, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1a, RANTES, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TNFa, VEGF) were measured by 30-plex ELISA (Eve Technologies, Calgary, AB. Canada). Circulating SCFA levels (acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, isocaproate, hexanoate) were measured by mass spectrometry at the Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Research Core as described.33 (link) Commercial ELISAs were used to quantify non-fasting proinsulin (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) and C-peptide (Crystal Chem, Elk Grove, IL, USA) in plasma.
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7

Fasting Biomarkers During OGTT

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Fasting serum samples collected during OGTT, pre-training and at least 48 hours after the last exercise bout of the training program, were analyzed for insulin (Mercodia), C-peptide (Crystal Chem), amylin (Novus), glucagon (Crystal Chem), and pro-insulin (Crystal Chem) only at 0 min of OGTT, according to manufacturer’s instructions. RREB1 was measured in fasting serum samples before, immediately after, and 30minutes of rest post VO2peak using a commercially available ELISA (Mybiosource). All the assays were run in duplicates.
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