Phospholipid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Switzerland, United States, France, United Kingdom, Macao

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are essential components of cell membranes. They are composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group. Phospholipids play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and permeability of cell membranes, facilitating the transport of various molecules across the membrane.

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Lab products found in correlation

7 protocols using phospholipid

Honeybee Pathogen Resistance Assay

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For all experiments, Apis mellifera carnica was used. Bees and larvae were taken from regularly kept full sized colonies from the apiary located in the garden of the institute of zoology.
P. larvae ERIC II (SLU-233/00) was obtained from E. Forsgren (Uppsala, Sweden). We chose to work with ERIC II due to its high virulence at the individual level. The P. larvae-inhibitory potency of midgut against several field strains has been previously proven (Crailsheim & Riessberger-Gallé 2001). Melissococcus plutonius (strain 119) was obtained from Agroscope (Bern, Switzerland).
Phospholipids, miltefosine, perifosine and fatty acid reference compounds were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Wien, Austria). LPC used for the measurement of survival curves in adult honeybees was kindly provided by M. Hintersteiner (Bioseutica, Lugano, Switzerland). 17:0 LPC (1-O-heptadecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) from Avanti Polar Lipids was used as an analytical standard (Alabaster, AL, USA).

Riessberger-Gallé U., Hernández-López J., Rechberger G., Crailsheim K, & Schuehly W. (2016). Lysophosphatidylcholine acts in the constitutive immune defence against American foulbrood in adult honeybees. Scientific Reports, 6, 30699.

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Cytotoxic Agents Screening Protocol

Cited 1 time

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Unless otherwise mentioned, all chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Ophiobolin A (>95%) was from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY). Gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, bortezomib, topotecan, and doxorubicin were from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA). Ethanolamine [1,2-¹⁴C] HCl was from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St Louis, MO). Phospholipids were from Sigma-Aldrich (PE, chicken egg; PC, chicken egg; PS, bovine brain) and from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL) (transphosphatidylated PE, chicken egg; PE, porcine brain; DOPE; DOPC; DOPS). Salicylamine and pentyl-pyridoxamine were a kind gift of V. Amarnath (Vanderbilt) (Amarnath et al., 2004 (link), 2015 (link)). Stock solutions, unless otherwise mentioned, were prepared in DMSO (99.9%) at 500× concentration to yield a final concentration of 0.2% DMSO.

Chidley C., Trauger S.A., Birsoy K, & O'Shea E.K. (2016). The anticancer natural product ophiobolin A induces cytotoxicity by covalent modification of phosphatidylethanolamine. eLife, 5, e14601.

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Lipid Extraction and Analysis Protocol

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AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, based in Cairo, Egypt, generously supplied candesartan for this study. We ordered our cholesterol, phospholipids, and cineole from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). We ordered our methanol, ethanol, and chloroform from Cornell Lab (Cairo, Egypt).

Fouad A.G., Ali M.R., Naguib D.M., Farouk H.O., Zanaty M.I, & El-Ela F.I. (2023). Design, optimization, and in vivo evaluation of invasome-mediated candesartan for the control of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 14(2), 474-490.

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Sourcing Biochemical Reagents for Analysis

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Ethanol, n-hexane, isopropanol, trichloromethane and HPLC grade dichloromethane, mEthanol, acetonitrile and water were purchased from Carlo Erba reagents (Val de Reuil, France). β-Carotene (HPLC purity > 96%) was from Carotenature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). Retinol, retinyl palmitate, tocol, triolein, phospholipids, NaCl, sodium citrate, Tris hydroxide, bovine serum albumin and protease inhibitor cocktail were from Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Sevoflurane was from Baxter (Lublin, Poland), TRIzol reagent was from Euromedex (Souffelweyersheim, France). Dithiothreitol was from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Les Ulis, France). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was from life Technologies (Illkirch, France).

Borel P., Troadec R., Damiani M., Halimi C., Nowicki M., Guichard P., Margier M., Astier J., Grino M., Reboul E, & Landrier J.F. (2021). β-Carotene Bioavailability and Conversion Efficiency Are Significantly Affected by Sex in Rats: First Observation Suggesting a Possible Hormetic Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism in Female Rats. Molecular nutrition & food research, 65(22).

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Formulation of Recombinant Protective Antigen

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Recombinant protective antigen (rPA83) was provided by Avecia Biologics, Billingham, (UK). Buffer formulation (pH 7.4): 8g/L Sodium chloride, 0.072g/L Disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.01 g/L Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2g/L Potassium chloride in water for injection, Tween 20 0.04%v/v (+/-0.02%); protein concentration ~1.5 mg/ml. Cholesterol, phospholipids, sodium deoxycholate and other routine laboratory reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (UK).

Harris J.R., Soliakov A., Watkinson A, & Lakey J.H. (2017). Recombinant anthrax protective antigen: Observation of aggregation phenomena by TEM reveals specific effects of sterols. Micron (Oxford, England : 1993), 93.

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Topical Steroid Formulation Development

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Hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate, phospholipid, cholesterol, and absolute ethanol were purchased from Sigma. Distilled water was also used throughout the study.

Mombeiny R., Tavakol S., Kazemi M., Mehdizadeh M., Hasanzadeh A., Karimi Babaahmadi M., Abedi A, & Keyhanvar P. (2021). Anti‐inflammatory ethosomal nanoformulation in combination with iontophoresis in chronic wound healing: An ex vivo study. IET Nanobiotechnology, 15(9), 710-718.

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Lipid Extraction and Quantification

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All chemicals and tissue culture reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cell culture medium, RPMI 1640 and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, CA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade reagents were purchased from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, PA). Free fatty acid, cholesterol ester, triglyceride, phospholipid, rapeseed oil methyl ester standards, as well as boron trifluoride-methanol, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, perchloric and trichloroacetic acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The HPLC standards, (+/−) 5-HETE and 13(S)-HODE) were purchased from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, MI).

Dauchy R.T., Xiang S., Mao L., Brimer S., Wren M.A., Yuan L., Anbalagan M., Hauch A., Frasch T., Rowan B.G., Blask D.E, & Hill S.M. (2014). Circadian and Melatonin Disruption by Exposure to Light at Night Drives Intrinsic Resistance to Tamoxifen Therapy in Breast Cancer. Cancer research, 74(15), 4099-4110.

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