Probenecid prob

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetic acid (IA), kynurenic acid (KA), 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), probenecid (Prob) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Hippuric acid (HA) and ascorbic acid (AsA) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Phenyl Sulfate (PS) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Rapamycin was purchased from LC laboratories (Woburn, MA, USA). p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS) was synthesized according to a method reported by Feigenbaum et al. [44 (link)], and its purity was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [45 (link)]. AST-120 was provided by Kureha Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, and were approved by Kumamoto University.

Gap26, TAT-L2 and ¹⁰panx1 peptides were obtained from Genscript (New Jersey, USA). HEPES, DMEM, DNAse I, poly-L-lysine, CPP, A74003, MRS2179, brilliant blue G (BBG), oATP, ethidium (Etd) bromide, and probenecid (Prob) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal calf serum (FCS) was obtained from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). Penicillin and streptomycin were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Normal goat serum (NGS) was purchased from Zymed (San Francisco, CA, USA). Cx43^E2, a Cx43 hemichannel antibody to the second extracellular loop was kindly provided by Dr. Jean Jiang, Department of Biochemistry, University of San Antonio, USA (Siller-Jackson et al., 2008 (link)).

Gap26, Gap19; YGRKKRRQRRRDGANVDMHLKQIEIKKFKYGIEEHGK (TAT-L2) and ¹⁰panx1 peptides were obtained from Genscript (New Jersey, USA). HEPES, DMEM, DNAse I, poly-L-lysine, LN-6, ns-398, sc-19220, polyclonal anti-Cx43 antibody, 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), Brilliant blue G (BBG), oATP, ethidium (Etd) bromide, and probenecid (Prob) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal calf serum (FCS) was obtained from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). Penicillin, streptomycin, polyclonal anti-Panx1 antibody (PI488000), goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 and goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 555 were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Anti-NeuN monoclonal antibody was obtained from Chemicon (Martinsried/Munich, Germany). Normal goat serum (NGS) was purchased from Zymed (San Francisco, CA, USA). Anti-GFAP monoclonal antibody was purchased from ICN Chemicals, (Irvine, CA). Anti-Cx43 monoclonal antibody was obtained from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).