Diethyl ether

Alendronate sodium was obtained as a gift sample from the JOSWE pharmaceutical company (Amman, Jordan). Phosphoric acid was purchased from the BBC chemicals laboratory, while HPLC grade acetonitrile and HPLC grade methanol were purchased from Tedia™, (Fairfield, OH, USA). Span™ 60, Tween™ 60, Tween™ 80, and cholesterol (Chol) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich™ (Dorset, UK). Diethyl ether and methanol were purchased from Tedia™, (Fairfield, OH, USA). A phosphate-buffered saline tablet was purchased from Sigma Aldrich™ (Dorset, UK). Cellulose dialysis membranes with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 12–14 kDa, average flat width of 28.46 mm, and average diameter of 17.5 mm, were purchased from Himedia Laboratories™ (Maharashtra, India). Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and methylene blue were purchased from GCC Diagnostics™ (Flintshire, UK). Dihexadecyl phosphate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) extra pure (molecular weight 40,000), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) molecular weight (approx. 145,000), phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and dicetyl phosphate (DCP) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich™ (Dorset, UK). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.

Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (stannous octoate), ε-caprolactone (CL), methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) molecular weight (MW) 5000, Span 80, and thymoquinone (TQ) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Castor oil was provided by Philadelphia Pharmaceuticals (Amman, Jordan). Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80,) was purchased from RFCL Ltd. (New Delhi, India). Absolute ethanol, acetone, methanol (HPLC grade), isopropanol, formic acid, water (HPLC grade), and dichloromethane (DCM) were obtained from Fisher Chemical (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Diethyl ether and dimethyl sulfoxide were provided by Tedia (Fairfield, OH, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 10×, pH 7.4, was obtained from Biowest (Nuaillé, France). Ultrapure water (~18.2 MΩ·cm) was prepared using a Millipore Direct-Q 5UV system (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).

TxID linear peptide was synthesized by GL Biochem Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). Water was from ELGA (Lane End, High Wycombe, UK). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile (ACN) were HPLC grade, obtained from Tedia Company (Fairfield, OH, USA) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA), respectively. Diethyl ether, phenol, and triisopropylsilane were from Tedia Company Reduced glutathione was from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) . Other reagents were analytical grade.