Quercetin 3 o galactoside

HPLC grade methanol, acetonitrile, formic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and dimethylcinnamaldehyde were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). The liquid chromatography standards were purchased as follows: Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France); phloridzin, phloretin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid from Sigma-Aldrich; catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercitin-3-O-glucoside from ChromaDex, Inc. (Santa Ana, CA, USA); quercitin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercitin-3-O-galactoside and anthocyanin standards from Indofine Chemical Company (Hillsborough, NJ, USA). Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and 96-well microplates were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, diclofenac sodium salt, nimesulide and lipopolysaccharide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. COX-2 human ELISA kit was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. (Farmingdale, NY, USA). Prostaglandin E₂ EIA kit and nitric oxide quantification kit was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The TNF-α and IL-6 ELISA kits were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA).

The liquid chromatography standards: phloridzin, phloretin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada); catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercitin-3-O-glucoside from ChromaDex, Inc. (Santa Ana, CA, USA); quercitin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercitin-3-O-galactoside and anthocyanin standards from Indofine Chemical Company (Hillsborough, NJ, USA). The analytic solvents, chemicals, and enzymes were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Mouse embryo 3T3-L1 cell line (ATCC, CL-173) was obtained from Cedarlane (Burlington, ON, Canada). Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Canada Ltd. (Oakville, ON, Canada). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), penicillin-streptomycin solution, fetal bovine serum, bovine calf serum, trypsin-EDTA solution, dexamethasone (DEX), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), insulin solution and all other cell biology grade chemicals were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Lipolysis colorimetric assay kit was purchased from Biovison Inc. (Milpitas, CA, USA) and adipogenesis assay kit from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).