Galactosamine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Galactosamine is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound used as a research tool in various scientific applications. The core function of Galactosamine is to serve as a substrate for biochemical and cell-based assays, without further interpretation of its intended use.

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Lab products found in correlation

Close spelling variants of this product

D-galactosamine (35 citations) N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (26 citations) D-galactosamine (D-GalN) (18 citations) D-galactosamine hydrochloride (12 citations) D-galactosamine (D-Gal, (8 citations) N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc; (7 citations) D-galactosamine (GalN) (3 citations) N-galactosamine (GalN) (2 citations) Galactosamine hydrochloride (2 citations)

10 protocols using galactosamine

GPI-beads Monosaccharides Quantification

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GPI-beads (5 × 10⁵) were washed
with water and hydrolyzed using 200 μL of 2 M TFA for 4 h at
100 °C. The hydrolysis mixture was lyophilized, and the remainder
was dissolved in 100 mL of water and analyzed on a CarboPac PA20 column
(3 × 150 mm, Dionex) using a high-performance anion exchange
chromatography system coupled with a pulsed amperometer detector (HPAE-PAD,
Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA). The monosaccharides were separated using isocratic
10 mM NaOH (J.T. Baker, Devneter, The Netherlands) at 0.5 mL/min flow
rate for 15 min at 30 °C. The quantity of GPI was calculated
based on the content of glucose in the injected samples. The amount
of glucose was determined using a calibration curve between 0 to 400
pmol of the monosaccharide standards galactosamine, glucosamine, and
glucose (Sigma).

Garg M., Stern D., Groß U., Seeberger P.H., Seeber F, & Varón Silva D. (2019). Detection of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Human Sera Using Synthetic Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Glycans on a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay. Analytical Chemistry, 91(17), 11215-11222.

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Mouse Models of Liver Injury and Fibrosis

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For the liver acute or chronic injury model, 8- to 10-week-old AKAP12^fl/fl and AKAP12^Δhep male mice were used. Galactosamine (GalN Sigma, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 800 mg/kg. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was then administered intraperitoneally at 20 μg/kg or 5 μg/kg (Sigma). The blank control group was given an equal volume of physiological saline via the abdominal cavity. After intraperitoneal administration of GalN/LPS, the survival rate of mice was measured (n = 8–12 per group). For the ALI model, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was administered by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 4 ml/kg. The liver fibrosis model involved treatment with CCl4 mixed with olive oil (1:9 v/v), three times per week for 10 weeks. Lastly, siPCSK6 was injected intravenously (40 nmol per mouse).

Wu X., Luo Y., Wang S., Li Y., Bao M., Shang Y., Chen L, & Liu W. (2022). AKAP12 ameliorates liver injury via targeting PI3K/AKT/PCSK6 pathway. Redox Biology, 53, 102328.

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Characterization of Shigella flexneri 6 OAg

Cited 1 time

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S. flexneri 6 OAg was purified and characterized as previously described [17 (link)]. Different lots at average molecular weight of 22 kDa (as estimated by HPLC-SEC analysis) were used, identity was confirmed by ¹H NMR and the purity in terms of residual proteins and DNA resulted similar for all lots. S. flexneri 6 OAg glycoconjugate was produced with OAg of same molecular weight by random chemistry as reported in [17 (link)].
Cysteine, Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fucose, Galacturonic acid, Rhamnose, Galactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, KDO, BSA, sodium azide, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Tyvelose was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Sulfuric acid 95–98% was purchased from Merck (Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA). Sodium Hydroxyde 50% was burchased from JT Baker (Radnor, PA, USA).

Raso M.M., Vassallo O., Micoli F, & Giannelli C. (2021). Comparison and Optimization of Quantification Methods for Shigella flexneri Serotype 6 O-antigen Containing Galacturonic Acid and Methyl-Pentose. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(22), 12160.

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Investigating Inflammatory Responses in Mice

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Midazolam injection (batch No. H19990027) was purchased from Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., (Jiangsu, China). Escherichia coli LPS (O111:B4) and galactosamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, United States). PK11195 (ab109497) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom). Fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against mouse CD45, CD11b, Ly6G, Ly6C, F4/80, TNF-a, CD86, MHC II, CD40, CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), Biotin anti-IL-1β, streptavidin-APC, TER-119, GR1, and B220 were listed in the Supplementary Table S1.

Li J., Tan H., Zhou X., Zhang C., Jin H., Tian Y., Zhao X., Li X., Sun X., Duan M, & Zhang D. (2019). The Protection of Midazolam Against Immune Mediated Liver Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide and Galactosamine in Mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 1528.

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Comprehensive Monosaccharide Analysis Protocol

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Monosaccharide standards (≥99.5% purity, Sigma Aldrich, USA), including D-mannose (Man), Glucosamine (GlcN), L-rhamnose (Rha, internal standard, IS), Galactosamine (GalN), Glucuronic acid (GlcA), D-glucose (Glc), D-galactose (Gal), D-xylose (Xyl), L-fucose (Fuc), 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP, Sigma Aldrich, USA) were used for experiments. Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Ammonium acetate, Acetic acid, trifluoroAcetic acid (TFA), Ammonia and CHCl₃ were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Merck, Germany. MilliQ water was used from AQUELIX system (MILLIPORE, Germany). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and were commercially procured.

Chen Y., Yao Q., Zeng X., Hao C., Li X., Zhang L, & Zeng P. (2022). Determination of monosaccharide composition in human serum by an improved HPLC method and its application as candidate biomarkers for endometrial cancer. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, 1014159.

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Isolation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Echinodontium tinctorium

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Echinodontium tinctorium was collected from three separate locations in north-central BC: an old growth forest near McBride (voucher not kept); Twin Falls Recreation Site, Smithers (CL37); and Pine Lake Recreation Site, Terrace (CL103). DEAE Sephadex, dextran standards (T1, T5, T12, T25, T50, T80, T150, T270, T410), and the standard monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, xylose, arabinose, fucose, galactose, galactosamine, and glucosamine) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum was from Life Technologies Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA), and Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium was from LONZA (Walkersville, MD, USA). Sephadex LH-20 resin and pre-packed Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL were from GE Healthcare (Uppsala, Sweden). Polysaccharide-K was purchased from Kureha Pharmaceuticals (Tokyo, Japan). All other reagents used were of analytical grade.

Javed S., Li W.M., Zeb M., Yaqoob A., Tackaberry L.E., Massicotte H.B., Egger K.N., Cheung P.C., Payne G.W, & Lee C.H. (2019). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Wild Mushroom, Echinodontium tinctorium, in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells and Mouse Microcirculation. Molecules, 24(19), 3509.

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Bioactive Polysaccharide Extraction from Lenzites betulina

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Lenzites betulina fruiting bodies were purchased in April 2017 from Shenzhen Yueyun Trading Co., Ltd., and were identified by associate professor ZHAO Changlin of Southwest Forestry University. A voucher specimen was deposited with the Forestry College of Southwest Forestry University. Cellulose DEAE-52 was purchased from Shanghai Goldwheat biotechnology co., LTD (Shanghai, China). Sephadex G-100 was purchased from shanghai Baoman Biotechnology co. LTD (Shanghai, China). All monosaccharide standards (mannose, rhamnose, galactosamine, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fucose) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals reagents were of analytical grade.

Guo L., Dai H., Ma J., Wang J., Hua Y, & Zhou L. (2021). Isolation, structure characteristics and antioxidant activity of two water-soluble polysaccharides from Lenzites betulina. BMC Chemistry, 15(1), 19.

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Enzymatic Extraction and Antioxidant Profiling of Corn Bran

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Corn bran was obtained from Changchun Dacheng Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd. (Changchun, China). Thermostable α-amylase (Product code: A109182, 3400 U/mL), xylanase (Product code: X195724, enzymatic activity > 100,000 U/g) and cellulose (Product code: C109262, from Aspergillus niger, 10,000 U/g) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). Alkaline protease (A10154, from Bacillus licheniformis, 200 U/mg) was purchased from Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Amyloglucosidase (Product code: A800618, 100,000 U/mL) was purchased from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)-scavenging activity assay kit was purchased from Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging activity assay kit and antioxidant capacity assay kit were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine, lactose, glucose, galactose, fucose, xylose, rhamnose, and arabinose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Pty Ltd (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Li S., Hu N., Zhu J., Zheng M., Liu H, & Liu J. (2022). Influence of modification methods on physicochemical and structural properties of soluble dietary fiber from corn bran. Food Chemistry: X, 14, 100298.

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Seawater Carbohydrate Analysis Preparation

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Prior to the analysis of carbohydrates in seawater, all used laboratory glassware had been washed with ultrapure water (conductivity >18.2 MΩ•cm) thoroughly and pre-heated in a muffle furnace at 550°C for 4 h. All plastic equipment was washed in 10% HCl solution and washed with ultrapure water three times.
For calibrating the HPAEC-PAD and determining the recovery of individual monosaccharides, a mixed stock solution was prepared from fucose (Roth, 95%), galactosamine (Sigma, 99%), rhamnose (Sigma, 99%), arabinose (Sigma, 99%), glucosamine (Fluka), galactose (Fluka, 99%), glucose (99%), xylose (Fluka, 99%), mannose (Fluka,99%), fructose (Aldrich, 99%), ribose (Aldrich, 98%), muramic acid (Sigma, 95%), galacturonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), glucuronic acid (Sigma, 97%), mannuronic acid (Sigma, 90%). https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2020-2 Preprint. Discussion started: 17 January 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Synthetic seawater samples were made of commercially available sea salts (Sigma). The salinity in practical salinity units (PSU) and the pH of water aliquots was measured by using a conductivity meter (pH/Cond 3320, WTW).

Zeppenfeld S., Pinxteren M.v., Engel A., & Herrmann H. (2020). A protocol for quantifying mono- and polysaccharides in seawater and related saline matrices by electro-dialysis (ED) – combined to HPAEC-PAD.

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Lenzites betulina Mushroom Polysaccharide Extraction

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Lenzites betulina fruiting bodies were purchased in April 2017 from Shenzhen Yueyun Trading Co., Ltd., and were identified by associate professor ZHAO Changlin of Southwest Forestry University. A voucher specimen was deposited with the Forestry College of Southwest Forestry University. Cellulose DEAE-52 was purchased from Shanghai Goldwheat biotechnology co., LTD (Shanghai, China). Sephadex G-100 was purchased from shanghai Baoman Biotechnology co. LTD (Shanghai, China). All monosaccharide standards (mannose, rhamnose, galactosamine, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fucose) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals reagents were of analytical grade.

Dai H., Ma J., Wang J., Hua Y., & Guo L. (2020). Isolation, Structure Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Two Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Lenzites betulina.

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