The raw materials used for the preparation of the different DES were: betaine (≥99% purity), sucrose (≥99.5% purity), lactic acid (85% purity), (D)-(+) - glucose anhydrous), (DL)-menthol (≥95% purity), lauric acid (≥98% purity) all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. L-proline (≥99.5% purity), choline chloride (≥98% purity) and glycine (98.5% purity, Alfa Aesar) were from Alfa-Aesar. The citric acid (≥99% purity) was from Panreac, (DL)-malic acid (≥99% purity) was from Scharlau and oxalic acid (98% purity) was from ACROS Organic. All systems were prepared by mixing the compounds at a defined molar ratio. The solutions were stirred and heated, until a clear and homogenous solution is achieved. All the chemicals were analytical grade and used as purchased without further treatment or purification.
Citric acid
Manufactured by ITW Reagents
Sourced in Spain, United States
Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a sour, tart taste. Citric acid is an important component in buffer solutions and is widely used in the preparation of reagents for analytical chemistry and biochemistry procedures.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by ITW Reagents (2 mentions)
Lactic acid, by ITW Reagents (2 mentions)
Glycerol, by ITW Reagents (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by ITW Reagents (2 mentions)
D glucose anhydrous, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lactic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sucrose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glycine, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
L proline, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Lauric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oxalic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Choline chloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Betaine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dl menthol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dl malic acid, by Scharlab (1 mentions)
Trypsin edta, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Laemmli sample buffer, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
16 protocols using citric acid
1
Preparation of Diverse Eutectic Solvents
2
Blue Shark Skin Processing and Analysis
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Blue shark (Prionace glauca) skins were removed from cold-stored fish body parts in an industrial plant and kindly provided by Vitorino & Filhos, Lda (Peniche, Portugal). Skins were washed with ice-cold deionized water and stored frozen at a temperature of −20°C until use. Acetic acid (99.7%) and citric acid were purchased from Panreac (Germany). Xylitol, commercial Type I collagen from calf skin and ß-mercaptoethanol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (United States). The protein ladder Precision Plus Protein™ All Blue Prestained Protein Standard, Laemmli Sample Buffer, Tris/Glycine/SDS Running Buffer, and Bio-Safe™ Coomassie Stain were purchased from Bio-Rad (United States). Minimum essential medium (MEM) with Earle′s balanced salts and 2.0 mM l -glutamine, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH = 7.4, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma (United States). Non-essential amino acids (NEAA), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.25% (w/v) Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco (Life Technologies, United States). CellTiter 96® Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) reagent assay was obtained from Promega (Madison, United States).
3
Valorization of Aquaculture Byproducts
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The raw material used in this research included tench (Tinca tinca) bone and skin collected from fish farms in Badajoz, Spain. Frozen prawn shells (Dendrobranchiata spp.) were provided by Vegas del Guadiana Aquaculture Centre (Villafranco del Guadiana, Badajoz, Spain).
Citric acid, lactic acid, and glycerol were purchased from Panreac (pharma grade) (Castellar del Vallès, Spain). Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (analytical grade) (Steinheim, Germany). Chromogenic Listeria Agar (Oxoid CM1084), Chromocult® Coliform Agar (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), chitosan (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), and fish gelatin were obtained from Sosa Ingredients S.L. (Barcelona, Spain).
Citric acid, lactic acid, and glycerol were purchased from Panreac (pharma grade) (Castellar del Vallès, Spain). Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (analytical grade) (Steinheim, Germany). Chromogenic Listeria Agar (Oxoid CM1084), Chromocult® Coliform Agar (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), chitosan (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), and fish gelatin were obtained from Sosa Ingredients S.L. (Barcelona, Spain).
4
Corn Fiber Arabinoxylans: Extraction and Characterization
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Arabinoxylan was obtained from alkaline extraction of corn fiber (with an aqueous solution of 0.25 M of sodium hydroxide, under stirring at 30 °C for 7 h), and the extract was purified in a hollow-fiber membrane unit (UFP-100-C-5A, from GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), according to the procedure used by Serra et al., 2020 [15 (link)]. The purified extract was freeze-dried, and the solid was stored in a sealed plastic bag at −20 °C. Activated charcoal (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and hydrogen peroxide (José Manuel Gomes dos Santos LDA, Odivelas, Portugal) were used for the decolorization process. For the formulation of films, glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and citric acid (PanReac, Barcelona, Spain) were used. For antioxidant activity determination, sodium acetate (Riedel-de-Haën, Seelze, Germany), acetic acid glacial (Fisher Chemical, Loughborough, UK), TPTZ (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), HCl (Honeywell, Wien, Austria), and ferric chloride (PanReac, Spain) were used.
5
Grape Cane Utilization for Biobased Resins
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Grape canes (Vitis vinifera L.) from the Souson (also known as Sousão in Portuguese) variety were collected from healthy plants in an organic vineyard of the D.O. Rias Baixas at Vila de Cruces (Galicia, NW Spain) (42°47′ 32.9′′ N 8°15′09.7′′ W at 827 m of altitude).
Grape canes (GC) were grounded using a 4 mm filter in a cutting mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany). The GC was then sieved using a vibrating sieve shaker (Retsch, Haan, Germany) to select the proportion of particle size between 1 and 4 mm. The materials were then oven-dried at 60 °C until they reached the desired moisture content. Euroresinas, Indústrias Químicas, S.A. (Sines, Portugal) offered formaldehyde (37 wt % solution), melamine, sodium hydroxide (10 wt % solution), and urea. Citric acid was provided by PanReac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain).
Grape canes (GC) were grounded using a 4 mm filter in a cutting mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany). The GC was then sieved using a vibrating sieve shaker (Retsch, Haan, Germany) to select the proportion of particle size between 1 and 4 mm. The materials were then oven-dried at 60 °C until they reached the desired moisture content. Euroresinas, Indústrias Químicas, S.A. (Sines, Portugal) offered formaldehyde (37 wt % solution), melamine, sodium hydroxide (10 wt % solution), and urea. Citric acid was provided by PanReac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain).
6
Enzymatic Oxidation Catalysis in Ionic Liquids
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Polypropylene glycol with a molecular weight of 400 g mol−1 (PPG 400), polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 400 g mol−1 (PEG 400), ABTS (≥ 98 wt% purity) and dopamine hydrochloride (98 wt% purity) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. The ILs, cholinium dihydrogen phosphate ([Ch][DHP], >98 wt% purity) and cholinium acetate ([Ch][Acet], 98 wt% purity) were both purchased from IoLiTec, and cholinium dihydrogen citrate ([Ch][DHC], ≥98% wt% purity) from Sigma-Aldrich. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (K2HPO4.3H2O, 98 wt% purity) was purchased from Scharlau.
Commercial laccase from Trametes versicolor (10 U mg−1) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) pure from AnalaR Normapur and acetic acid (CH3COOH, 99 wt% purity) from Fisher Chemical was used to prepare sodium acetate buffer; disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4, 99 wt% purity) and citric acid (C₆H₈O₇, 99.5 wt% purity), both acquired from Panreac were used to prepare citrate-phosphate buffer; Tris-HCl buffer was prepared by using tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane [NH2C(CH2OH)3, >99 wt% purity] from PRONALAB and a hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 1 M).
Commercial laccase from Trametes versicolor (10 U mg−1) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) pure from AnalaR Normapur and acetic acid (CH3COOH, 99 wt% purity) from Fisher Chemical was used to prepare sodium acetate buffer; disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4, 99 wt% purity) and citric acid (C₆H₈O₇, 99.5 wt% purity), both acquired from Panreac were used to prepare citrate-phosphate buffer; Tris-HCl buffer was prepared by using tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane [NH2C(CH2OH)3, >99 wt% purity] from PRONALAB and a hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 1 M).
7
Porcine Collagen Extraction and Characterization
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Porcine collagen was supplied by Tenerias Omega (Navarre, Spain). The treatments of porcine skin to obtain native collagen were carried out according to the method of Andonegi et al. [45 (link)]. Soy protein isolate (SPI), PROFAM 974, with 90% protein on a dry basis, was supplied by ADM Protein Specialties Division (Amsterdam, Netherlands). A commercial fish gelatin, with the quality standard for edible gelatin (1999/724/CE), was also employed. Glycerol, used as plasticizer, and lactose and citric acid, used as cross-linking agents, were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Finally, agar was extracted from Gelidium sesquipedale.
8
Platelet Aggregation Assay of Ophthalmic Drugs
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Platelet aggregation assay was performed on a 490 X model (Chrono-Log, Havertown, PA, USA). All aggregation factors (PAF, TRAP, AA, and ADP), as well as bovine serum albumin (BSA), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).
Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) anticoagulant solution was prepared by dissolving in water: citric acid (PanReac AppliChem, Inc., Maryland Heights, MO, USA), sodium citrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and dextrose (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) to final concentrations of 0.065 M, 0.085 M, and 0.0111 M, respectively.
In this study, the following eye drops were tested: Alphagan (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA), Azarga (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA), Betoptic (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), Cosopt (MSD-Chibret, Mirabel, France), Duotrav (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), Trusopt (MSD-Chibret), and Xalaprost (Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia).
Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) anticoagulant solution was prepared by dissolving in water: citric acid (PanReac AppliChem, Inc., Maryland Heights, MO, USA), sodium citrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and dextrose (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) to final concentrations of 0.065 M, 0.085 M, and 0.0111 M, respectively.
In this study, the following eye drops were tested: Alphagan (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA), Azarga (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA), Betoptic (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), Cosopt (MSD-Chibret, Mirabel, France), Duotrav (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), Trusopt (MSD-Chibret), and Xalaprost (Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia).
9
Phytochemical Characterization of Natural Compounds
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β-cyclodextrin (Wacker, 12.5% H2O), xanthan gum (Sigma-Aldrich), locust bean gum (Sigma-Aldrich), chitosan (deacetylation degree of 90%), citric acid (Panreac AppliChem) and dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4 ≥ 98%), soapbark (Quillaja saponaria; Sp. ‘quillay’, from Mapuche ‘küllay’) saponin (Sigma-Aldrich, sapogenin content ≥ 10%, India), phenol (99.5%; Panreac, Spain), m-cresol (99%; Sigma, Germany), 4-ethylphenol (99%, Sigma, China), vanillin (99%; Panreac, Spain) and eugenol (99%; Sigma, Germany) were used as received. phenolphthalein and 1-naphthol (≥99%) were obtained from Merck (Germany).
10
Biofuel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
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The waste oil for this work was a blend of 95 vol% of soy-bean and 5 vol% of corn oils, supplied by the restaurant “La poissonerie du port” in Oran (Algeria) and it was heavily used for frying fish. The temperature observed during the fish frying was in the range of 100 to 150 ºC. Five liters of oil sample were collected from a collecting drum in which the waste frying oil was dumped in once every day and kept at a room temperature for one day to enable settling. Two liters of this waste frying oil were heated up to 50 °C for 10 min to rule out the presence of water. Thereafter, the oil was filtered through a filter composed of cotton cloth, filter paper and around 1 cm of fine quartz sand to remove slag and impurities in a plastic container (see Figure 1S in Supplementary Material).
Sodium metal (Rhone-Poulenc, Paris, France), absolute ethanol, citric acid, n-heptane, medium boiling point petroleum ether and sodium chloride (Panreac, Barcelona, Spain) were used without further purification. The feedstock oil was tested for humidity by FT-IR spectroscopy in a Nicolet 6700 instrument (Fischer Scientific, USA) placing an oil drop between two sodium chloride discs (Aldrich, USA, 5.40 mm thick, 24.97 mm o.d.). The oil acidity index was determined after the standard method EN 14104.
Sodium metal (Rhone-Poulenc, Paris, France), absolute ethanol, citric acid, n-heptane, medium boiling point petroleum ether and sodium chloride (Panreac, Barcelona, Spain) were used without further purification. The feedstock oil was tested for humidity by FT-IR spectroscopy in a Nicolet 6700 instrument (Fischer Scientific, USA) placing an oil drop between two sodium chloride discs (Aldrich, USA, 5.40 mm thick, 24.97 mm o.d.). The oil acidity index was determined after the standard method EN 14104.
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