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1 065 protocols using dmi6000b

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Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocyte and AC16 Cell Imaging

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Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were stained with alpha-sarcomeric actinin (#MA1-22863 Thermo Scientific, USA) and DAPI. AC16 cells were stained with wheat germ agglutinin (#MP00831 Thermo Scientific, USA) and DAPI. All images were taken with 20X objective using Leica DMI 6000 B (Leica Microsystems, USA). Cell size was calculated with ImageJ software. All the experiments were repeated three times (biological replicate) with three wells for each group (technical replicate). More than a hundred cells were counted from each well.
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The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 2, 2023. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.01.530580 doi: bioRxiv preprint Paraffin-embedded heart sections were deparaffinized and stained with wheat germ agglutinin (#MP00831 Thermo Scientific, USA) and DAPI. Images from different regions of the heart were taken with a 20X objective using Leica DMI 6000 B (Leica Microsystems, USA). Cell size was measured using ImageJ software.
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Microscopic Analysis of Root Mucilage

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Roots were mounted on a microscope slide in a drop of water and examined directly for morphological analyses using a bright-field microscope (Leica DMI6000B, Wetzlar, Germany) and a stereomicroscope (Leica M125, Wetzlar, Germany). To examine the mucilage around BCs, India ink (Salis International Inc., Oceanside, CA, USA) staining was performed following a procedure adapted from Miyasaka and Hawes [33 (link)]. Briefly, mucilage was collected by dipping roots in a drop of water on a microscopic slide, and India ink was added by capillarity action between the slide and the cover slip. Root mucilage was observed using a bright-field microscope (Leica DMI6000B, Wetzlar, Germany). Mucilage from 30–35 roots was observed to ensure representativity for each set of observations.
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Analysis of Germ Cell Differentiation in C. elegans

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Synchronized L4-staged DUP17, DUP36 (non-green pharynx), and DUP49 worms were live mounted on agarose slides. Images of the bend in the gonad were acquired for each strain using fixed exposure conditions. 60× objective on a Leica DMI6000B – 10 gonad arms/strain.
To count sperm, synchronized young adults were fixed in M9 with 8% PFA for 1 h, washed 3× with PBS, 1× with 95% ethanol for 1 min, 3× with PBS then mounted on a charged slide with mounting media containing DAPI. Sperm nuclei were imaged and counted in each spermatheca using a 60× objective on a Leica DMI6000B – 10 worms/strain.
To count brood size, six L4 stage worms were picked to a plate and passaged to new plates each day for six days. The number of progeny were totaled from each plate and divided by six. This was repeated three times to get the average broods of N2 versus pqn-75(tm6575) and N2 fed control (empty vector) versus pqn-75 RNAi. RNAi feeding was performed as previously described (Kamath et al., 2001 (link)).
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Adipogenic Induction of ASC Spheroids

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At week 5 of adipogenic induction, ASC spheroids from sSAT, sRC, and dSAT were washed in PBS and were transferred to 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 1 h. Subsequently, induced ASC spheroids were washed in PBS and placed in successive baths of 15% and 30% sucrose solution at room temperature for 24 h each. The ASC spheroids were embedded in optimal cutting temperature (OCT, Tissue-Tek) and maintained in a −80°C freezer until sectioning. Sections of 10 μm were obtained using a cryostat (Leica DMI 6000 B) and subsequently collected onto 0.01% poly-L-lysine-coated slides (Sigma). The slides with the sections were stored in a freezer at −20°C until staining. Cryosections were left at room temperature for 15 min and stained with 1 mg/mL Nile red (Sigma) diluted (1:50) in PBS. The cell nucleus was stained with 0.5 μg/mL Hoechst. The images were obtained with the aid of a fluorescence microscope (Leica DMI 6000B) (Mannheim, Germany) with LAS AF software (Leica, Mannheim, Germany). The laser microscope was programmed to stimulate at a range of 640–720 nm. Two independent analyses were evaluated, with a total of 324 spheroids of each sample obtained from four independent experiments.
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Fluorescence-based Assays for Plant Cell Viability, Cellulose, and extracellular DNA

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Cell viability was assessed with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) as previously described by Jones and Senft [42 (link)]. Roots were incubated with the fluorescent probe (0.5 mg·L−1) for 3 min and observed using an epifluorescence microscope (Leica DMI6000B, Wetzlar, Germany; λExcitation: 359 nm; λEmission: 461 nm).
Cytochemical staining of cellulose was carried out using Direct Red 23 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) as described previously [43 (link)]. Roots were incubated with the probe (0.1 mg·mL−1) for 30 min in darkness. After 3 washes with distilled water, roots were observed using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (Leica TCS SP5, Wetzlar, Germany; λExcitation: 560 nm; λEmission: 570–655 nm).
Staining of exDNA was performed as described by Wen et al. [44 (link)]. Sytox Green (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) solution was made by 1:1000 dilution in sterile water. Mucilage was released from root tips by contact with the surface of the glass slide, and 10 μL of diluted Sytox Green were added to the sample, which was then covered with a cover slip and observed using an epifluorescence microscope (Leica DMI6000B, Wetzlar, Germany; λExcitation: 359 nm; λEmission: 461 nm).
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Visualizing Adipocyte Differentiation

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The differentiating adipocytes were observed by phase contrast imaging using a Leica DMI6000 B inverted microscope. Fatty acid visualization was conducted with Oil Red O (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. No. O-0625) staining. To stain the cells, cells were washed twice with PBS, followed by fixation with a 10% formalin solution. After two washes with 60% isopropanol, cells were stained with 0.3% (w/v) Oil Red O in 60% isopropanol. Upon removal of Oil Red O, cells were washed twice with PBS and visualized using a Leica DMI6000 B inverted microscope.
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In Vitro Cell Invasion and Migration Assays

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For in vitro invasion and migration assays, SCC25 or CAL27 cells (50,000 cells/well) were plated into Transwell inserts (Corning, One Riverfront Plaza, NY, USA) that had been coated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA) or left uncoated. The lower chambers were filled with medium plus 20% FBS. After incubation at 37°C for 16 h, the penetrated cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Solarbio). Each image was observed using an inverted microscope (DMI6000B, Leica, Germany).
A wound-healing assay was used to confirm the result of the Transwell assay. We added 500,000 SCC25 or CAL27 cells into six-well plates. When the cells had grown to approximately 80% confluence, we made scratches using 10-μL pipette tips, creating a wound field of approximately 400 mm wide, based on the scaleplate in the microscope. The plates were incubated in fresh medium (without FBS) for 48 hours. Images of gaps from several randomly selected fields were acquired at the start (0 h), halfway point (24 h), and endpoint (48 h) of the experiment, using an inverted microscope (DMI6000B, Leica).
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Quantifying Continual Efferocytosis in Macrophages

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After induction of apoptosis, Jurkat cells were stained with PKH26, PKH67 (Sigma-Aldrich), or pHrodo (Thermo Fisher) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For single efferocytosis assays, macrophages were incubated with PKH26- or pHrodo- ACs for 45 minutes at a 5:1 AC:macrophage ratio. After 45 minutes, unbound ACs were removed by vigorous rinsing of the monolayer, and fluorescence and bright-field images were captured using an epifluorescence microscope (Leica DMI6000B) to identify the uptake of red-labeled ACs. For continual efferocytosis assays, macrophages were first incubated with PKH67-stained ACs (green) for 45 minutes at a 5:1 AC:macrophage ratio, followed by removal of unbound ACs and incubation in complete culture medium for 2 hours. The macrophages were then incubated with a second round of PKH26- or pHrodo-stained ACs (both red) for 45 minutes at a 5:1 AC:macrophage ratio. After 45 minutes, unbound ACs were removed, and fluorescence and bright-field images were captured using an epifluorescence microscope (Leica DMI6000B) with Leica LAS AF to quantify the number of macrophages with green plus red ACs as a percentage of macrophages with only green ACs, which is a measure of continual efferocytosis9 (link).
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9

Live-cell Microscopy for Cellular Dynamics

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Unless otherwise indicated, cells were imaged using a Quorum spinning disk microscope with a 10× or 20×, 1.0 NA objectives, or a 63×, 1.4 NA oil immersion objective (Leica DMI6000B inverted fluorescence microscope with a Yokogawa spinning disk head and Hamamatsu ORCA Flash4 sCMOS camera) and Volocity 6.3 acquisition software (Quorum). Confocal z-stacks of 0.3 μm were acquired. Images were analyzed with the Volocity software or Fiji v2.14.0 (ImageJ) and then imported and assembled in Adobe Illustrator v25.3.1 for labeling. For live cell imaging, cells were seeded in μ-Slide 8-well glass bottom chambers (ibidi). Twenty-four hours after seeding, growth media was replaced with live cell imaging media (RPMI with l-Glutamine and 25 mM HEPES (Wisent) supplemented with 10% FBS (Wisent)) containing the respective treatment condition. Cells were imaged at 37 °C using a Leica DMI 6000B inverted fluorescence microscope with a Yokogawa spinning disk head and Hamamatsu ImagEM X2 camera. Images were taken with a z-spacing of 0.5 μm. For invasion ruffle volume measurements, confocal z-stacks of 0.3 μm were acquired.
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10

EV Internalization in Skin Cells

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Next, in order to determine the internalization of MSC‐derived EVs by HSFs and HaCaT cells, 10 μg of EVs was labelled using green fluorescent dye (PKH67; Sigma) and incubated with 1 × 105 cells at 37°C for 3 hours. The cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes followed by the addition of 4',6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) (0.5 mg/mL; Invitrogen) for nucleus staining. Finally, green fluorescence was observed under a fluorescence microscope (Leica DMI6000B, Solms, Germany).
Next, to investigate the internalization of MSC‐derived EVs carrying miR‐27b by HSFs and HaCaT cells, Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (L3000001, Invitrogen) was employed to transfect the cy3‐conjugated miR‐27b (GenePharma, Shanghai, China) into MSCs in a serum‐free medium. After 6 hours, the medium was renewed using a medium containing 10% serum without EVs for further incubation for 48 hours. The cell supernatant was then collected, centrifuged and resuspended using PBS, which was then added into the HSFs and HaCaT cells, respectively. Finally, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes and added with DAPI (0.5 mg/mL; Invitrogen) for nucleus staining, followed by fluorescence microscopic observation (Leica DMI6000B, Solms, Germany).
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