Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and SHBG were determined by a chemiluminescent immunoassay designed for the IDS-iSYS Multi-Discipline Automated System (Immunodiagnostic Systems Limited, United Kingdom).
Serum concentrations of insulin were determined by a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, performed on the automated instrument ARCHITECT i System (Abbott Laboratories, Wiesbaden, Germany). Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein were determined by an immunoturbidimetric assay using the automated instrument ALINITY c analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Wiesbaden, Germany). HOMA-IR [fasting insulinemia (mU/L) x glycemia (mmol/L)]/22.5 was applied as a surrogate index of insulin resistance.