Tempo

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Japan, China, Poland

TEMPO is a compact and automated microbial monitoring system designed for use in a variety of industrial settings. The core function of TEMPO is to provide accurate and reliable microbial enumeration, with the ability to detect and quantify a wide range of microorganisms in food, beverage, and other industrial samples.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

Sodium hypochlorite, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Mitotempo, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Sodium bromide, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Laccase from trametes versicolor, by Merck Group (3 mentions) N acetyl cysteine (nac), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sodium chlorite, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Polyvinyl alcohol (pva), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Tempo, by Microfluidics (2 mentions) Potassium hydroxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 4 2 iodoacetamido tempo, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 1 tetradecyl, by Anatrace (2 mentions) 1 octadecyl β d glucopyranosides, by Anatrace (2 mentions) Hydrogen peroxide h2o2, by Merck Group (2 mentions) D galactose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

4-hydroxy-TEMPO (33 citations) 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) (9 citations) 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL, (8 citations) 4-Amino-TEMPO (7 citations) 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) (6 citations) 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl (TEMPO (5 citations) 4-maleimido-TEMPO (4 citations) 4-(2-iodoacetamido)-TEMPO (4 citations) 4-oxo-TEMPO (4 citations) TEMPO radical (2 citations)

90 protocols using tempo

Preparation of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers

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TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers were manufactured from never-dried
bleached softwood pulp that was obtained from a coniferous wood mixture
consisting of spruce and pine. Pulping was carried out in a Finnish
pulp mill, and the TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of the pulp was conducted
with alkaline hypochlorite as the primary oxidant according to the
protocol reported by Saito et al.^{48 (link)} 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl
(TEMPO) (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10% sodium hypochlorite (5 mmol/g pulp
fiber, Sigma-Aldrich) were used in the TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of
the pulp. After pulping and oxidation, an anionic charge of 1.45–1.52
mmol/g was obtained for the oxidized pulp via a standard conductometric
titration method (SCAN 65:02).⁴⁹ The oxidized
pulp was subsequently washed and passed through a microfluidizer carrying
two Z-type chambers with respective diameters of 400 and 100 μm
(Microfluidics Int., USA) twice at 1850 bar to fibrillate the oxidized
pulp into TCNF. TCNF of ∼1 wt % with viscous gel-like characteristics
and transparent optical properties was obtained. The chemical composition,
morphology, and visual appearance of similarly prepared TCNF-grade
used in this study were described in earlier publications.^{11 (link),34 (link)}

Levä T., Rissanen V., Nikkanen L., Siitonen V., Heilala M., Phiri J., Maloney T.C., Kosourov S., Allahverdiyeva Y., Mäkelä M, & Tammelin T. (2023). Mapping Nanocellulose- and Alginate-Based Photosynthetic Cell Factory Scaffolds: Interlinking Porosity, Wet Strength, and Gas Exchange. Biomacromolecules, 24(8), 3484-3497.

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Preparation of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers

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A COO-cellulose adsorbent was produced following a procedure modified from that previously reported [21] . A 100 mL aqueous mixture of TEMPO (0.002 g; Sigma-Aldrich) and NaBr (0.02 g; Sigma-Aldrich) was adjusted to a pH of 10.5 using aqueous 0.1 M NaOH. The nanofibre mat was stirred for 5 min. A syringe pump was used to dropwise add sodium hypochlorite (NaClO; Sigma-Aldrich) for the three concentrations investigated; 5, 10 and 20 mmol sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) per gram cellulose. The pH was monitored to ensure pH remained above 10.5 to encourage oxidation of the C6 hydroxyl on the cellulose. The time taken to add NaClO was 10 min and the mixture was allowed to stir for a further 5 min. Ethanol (10 mL, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to quench the reaction and stirred for 10 min. The mat was washed thoroughly with ultrapure water. To oxidise any remaining aldehyde groups, sodium chlorite (Sigma-Aldrich) treatment (0.45 g in 45 mL in 1 M acetic acid) was performed for 48 h in the dark to as previously described [26] .

Dods S.R., Hardick O., Stevens B, & Bracewell D.G. (2015). Fabricating electrospun cellulose nanofibre adsorbents for ion-exchange chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. a, 1376, 74-83.

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Quantifying Nitroxide Partitioning in Subcellular Fractions

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Nitroxide partitioning of JP4-039 into subcellular compartments was determined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Liposomes containing 4mg/mL of JP4-039 or TEMPO (Sigma) were applied to the depilated backs of mice for 30 minutes. The skin was thoroughly washed and skin biopsies were homogenized. To isolate subcellular compartments by differential centrifugation the homogenate was centrifuged at 900xG for 10 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was then centrifuged at 10,000xG for 15 min at 4 °C and collected as the cytosolic fraction. The pellet containing the mitochondria was then washed gently with 2 mL PBS and centrifuged at 10,000xG for 4 min at 4 °C (Roy et al., 2009 (link)).
Subcellular fractions were mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (1:1 v/v) and 2 mM of potassium ferricyanide to convert nitroxides to EPR-detectable radical forms (23). EPR measurements were made with a JEOL-RE2X EPR spectrometer (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) with the following settings: center field, 335.0 mT; sweep width, ±5.0 mT; frequency, 9.4 GHz; microwave power, 20 mW; sweep rate, 0.23 min/mT; field modulation, 0.079; response time 0.1 sec. Using the signal magnitude and isolated volumes, the concentration of JP4-039 or TEMPO were calculated for each sample (Wipf et al., 2005 (link)).

Brand R.M., Epperly M.W., Stottlemyer J.M., Skoda E.M., Gao X., Li S., Huq S., Wipf P., Kagan V.E., Greenberger J.S, & Falo LD J.r. (2016). A Topical Mitochondria-Targeted Redox Cycling Nitroxide Mitigates Oxidative Stress Induced Skin Damage. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 137(3), 576-586.

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Enzymatic Oxidation of Biomass

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DFF (>98%), FFCA (>98%) and FDCA (>98%) were purchased from TCI (Japan), while the laccase from Trametes versicolor, HMF (>99%), TEMPO (>98%) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzylthiozoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).

Zou L., Zheng Z., Tan H., Xu Q, & Ouyang J. (2020). Synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid by a TEMPO/laccase system coupled with Pseudomonas putida KT2440. RSC Advances, 10(37), 21781-21788.

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Transwell Co-culture of Macrophages and Podocytes

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In a transwell co-culture system, RAW 264.7 cells (2×10⁵, 4×10⁵, 8×10⁵) seeded on a 0.4 μm Transwell insert (Millipore) were co-cultured with podocytes (4×10⁵) for 48 h in the absence or presence of 25 mM high glucose treatment. The ratios of podocytes (P) to macrophages (M) were 2:1, 2:2 and 2:4, respectively.
In the CM experiments, podocytes (4×10⁵) planted on six well plates were cultured overnight in normal RPMI 1640 media. Then, the cells were washed with PBS three times. After that, normal PRMI 1640 media (control), NC-CM or HG-CMwas added to podocytes for 24 - 72 h. In some experiments, 10μg/ml anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody (RD, USA), 10μg/ml IgG1 Isotype control (RD, USA), 300μM ROS inhibitors (Tempo, sigma) or 10μM p38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580, RD, USA) was respectively added to cells with CM for 72 h. Besides, 10ng/ml recombinant mouse TNF-α (RD, USA) alone was applied to incubate podocytes for 72 h when necessary.

Guo Y., Song Z., Zhou M., Yang Y., Zhao Y., Liu B, & Zhang X. (2017). Infiltrating macrophages in diabetic nephropathy promote podocytes apoptosis via TNF-α-ROS-p38MAPK pathway. Oncotarget, 8(32), 53276-53287.

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TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Fiber Preparation

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As a raw fiber, PMBFs were obtained from Andong Hanji (Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea) and softwood fibers were obtained in the sheet form from Hankuk Paper (Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea). Before use, the PMBFs were treated by chemical pulping and the softwood fibers were disintegrated using a lab disintegrator. Potassium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co. Ltd. (Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). TEMPO (99%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium bromide (NaBr, 99%, Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO, 12%, Yakuri Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) were used to conduct TEMPO oxidation. Other chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification.

Park J.Y., Park C.W., Han S.Y., Kwon G.J., Kim N.H, & Lee S.H. (2019). Effects of pH on Nanofibrillation of TEMPO-Oxidized Paper Mulberry Bast Fibers. Polymers, 11(3), 414.

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Preparation of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils

Cited 1 time

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Never
dried bleached hardwood (birch) pulp (UPM Pietarsaari mill, Finland)
was oxidized by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO, Sigma-Aldrich)
at pH 10, then washed with deionized water, and kept at pH 2 for 30
min.^{58 (link)} After washing with deionized water,
the acid form of the carboxylated fibrils were exchanged into their
sodium form by adjusting the pH to 8.5. The TEMPO-oxidized fibrils
were further microfluidized (Microfluidics Corp.) at high-pressure
(2000 bar) through two chambers (200 and 100 μm) arranged in
series. The carboxylic group content of the obtained TOCNF hydrogel
(1.6 wt % dry content) was measured to be 0.6 mmol g^–1.

Wang L., Ago M., Borghei M., Ishaq A., Papageorgiou A.C., Lundahl M, & Rojas O.J. (2019). Conductive Carbon Microfibers Derived from Wet-Spun Lignin/Nanocellulose Hydrogels. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7(6), 6013-6022.

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Kraft Lignin Oxidation Protocol

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Kraft lignin (low sulfonate content, M_w of ∼10000), acetone (99.5%), methanol
(99.9%), glacial acetic acid (100%), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 6–14%
active chlorine), TEMPO (99%), and potassium hydroxide (KOH, pellets,
≥85%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Sweden AB. 95% sulfuric
acid and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, pure pellets) were purchased from
Merck KGaA, Germany. Sodium chlorite (NaClO₂, high purity,
chlorite content of 77.5%–82.5%), a 0.1 M standardized NaOH
solution, and a 0.5 M standardized hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution
were purchased from VWR, Sweden. All chemicals were used without any
further purification.

Geng S., Wei J., Jonasson S., Hedlund J, & Oksman K. (2020). Multifunctional Carbon Aerogels with Hierarchical Anisotropic Structure Derived from Lignin and Cellulose Nanofibers for CO2 Capture and Energy Storage. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(6), 7432-7441.

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APAP-Induced Liver Injury in Male C57BL/6J Mice

Cited 2 times

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Male C57BL/6J mice (8–12 weeks old) were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME) and kept in an environmentally controlled room with 12 hours dark/light cycle. Experiments were conducted with male mice because female mice, despite similar mechanisms of APAP-induced liver injury, are less susceptible due to an enhanced response to re-synthesize GSH (Du et al., 2014 (link); Masubuchi et al., 2011 (link)). C57BL/6 is the most frequently used mouse strain for drug hepatotoxicity research; both sub-strains (6J and 6N) show a similar injury mechanism but 6N mice are more susceptible for a given dose of APAP (Duan et al., 2016 (link)). Since most of our and others’ research into the mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity has been done in Male C57BL/6J mice, we continue to use this substrain. The animals were provided ad libitum access to food and water. Prior to APAP treatment, food was removed, and animals fasted overnight (16 hours) before APAP administration. APAP was dissolved in warm saline and mice were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected at a dose of 300 mg/kg. TEMPO (100 mg/kg) or Mito-TEMPO (20 mg/kg) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in saline and administered 1 hour before APAP treatment. The animals were provided water ad libitum during the experiments.

Nguyen N.T., Du K., Akakpo J.Y., Umbaugh D.S., Jaeschke H, & Ramachandran A. (2020). Mitochondrial Protein Adduct and Superoxide Generation are Prerequisites for Early Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase within the Cytosol after an Acetaminophen Overdose in Mice. Toxicology letters, 338, 21-31.

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Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp Fibers

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Fully
bleached, never-dried, softwood kraft
pulp fibers (a mixture of Norwegian spruce and Scots pine) were obtained
from BillerudKorsnäs AB (Gruvön pulp mill, Grums, Sweden).
The fibers were industrially beaten (114 kW h/t)
and had a water retention value of 2.0 g/g, measured according to
a simplified version of the WRV SCAN 68:00.^{25 (link)} Sodium hypochlorite (10–15% solution), TEMPO (free radical),
hydroxylamine hydrochloride, sodium bromide, sodium (meta)periodate
(99%), 2-propanol (99.9%), tetraethyl orthosilicate (98%), dextran
2000, and ammonia solution (25%) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
and were used as received. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
standard solutions (1 M) were obtained from Merck Millipore.

Gorur Y.C., Reid M.S., Montanari C., Larsson P.T., Larsson P.A, & Wågberg L. (2021). Advanced Characterization of Self-Fibrillating Cellulose Fibers and Their Use in Tunable Filters. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(27), 32467-32478.

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