Tartaric acid

Ultrapure 18.3 MΩ⋅cm water used for these experiments was produced from a Zeneer Power III TOC system (Human Corp., Seoul, Korea). All the following reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, unless stated otherwise, and were standard grade: butyl acetate, hexanal (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol (Alfa Aesar), (E)-hex-2-enal (Alfa Aesar), hexanol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol (Alfa Aesar), nonanal, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, acetophenone, α-terpineol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (Alfa Aesar), citronellol, ethyl decanoate, benzaldehyde (Alfa Aesar), ethyl octanoate, ethyl heptanoate, isoamyl acetate, limonene, 2-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Franke, Italy), (NH₄)₂HPO₄ (Franke, Italy), K₂S₂O₅ (Franke, Italy), tartaric acid, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (Alfa Aesar), sodium azide (Alfa Aesar), NaOH, Na₂PO₄(H₂O)₂, citric acid, HCl, 3-octanol, MeOH, CH₂Cl₂, β-glucosidase enzyme (Ecozim AROM, CRC Biotek, Roma, Italy), hydrocarbon mixture from C8–C23 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).

The lovastatin (LOV) raw material was purchased from Valdequimica, Brazil (purity reported to be >99%) and used without further purification. Adipic acid (ADI, 99% purity), citric acid (CIT, 99% purity), and tartaric acid (TAR, 99% purity) were acquired from Fischer Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA). Benzoic acid (BEN, 99% purity), salicylic acid (SAL, 99% purity) and cinnamic acid (CIN, 99% purity) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany), Mallinckrodt (Phillipsburg, NY, USA) and Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), respectively. Lovastatin pharmaceutical secondary standard traceable to USP and PhEur Fluka brand used in the HPLC quantification studies was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All solvents were HPLC/UV grade, and water was purified using a Millipore system filtered through a Millipore 0.22 µm Millipak™ 40 membrane.

Analytical grade volatile phenols (guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol and 4-ethylphenol), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dibutyltin dilaurate and deuterated NMR solvents (d₆-ethanol, D₂O and DCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Analytical grade chloroform was purchased from Chem-Supply (Adelaide, SA, Australia) for polymer precipitation. The deuterium-labelled normalising standard, d₃-4-methylguaiacol, was purchased from CDN Isotopes (Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada). Food grade (>98% purity) β-CD and γ-CD were sourced from the IMCD Group (Adelaide, SA, Australia). Stock solutions of volatile phenols and deuterated standards were made in pure ethanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and stored at –20 °C. Working solutions were prepared in model wine containing 5 g/L of tartaric acid (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 12% v/v ethanol, and were stored at –4 °C. A commercial red wine (a 2017 Barossa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon) was used for the adsorption study.

Analytical grade volatile phenols (guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, and eugenol) and deuterated NMR solvents (d₆-ethanol, D₂O, and DCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Deuterium-labelled internal standards (d₃-guaiacol, d₃-4-methylguaiacol, and d₄-4-ethylphenol) were sourced from CDN Isotopes (Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada). Analytical grade ethanol, tartaric acid, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Food grade (>98% purity) α-, β-, and γ-CDs were supplied by IMCD Group (Adelaide, SA, Australia). Model wine was prepared by dissolving tartaric acid (5 g/L) in aqueous ethanol (12% alcohol by volume) and adjusting the pH to 3.5 by dropwise addition of 1 M sodium hydroxide. Stock solutions of internal standards and volatile phenols were prepared volumetrically in absolute ethanol and stored at −20 °C, with working solutions prepared in model wine and stored at 4 °C.

Indanthrene Blue RS and other anthraquinone dyes (Vat Green XBN, Vat Brown R, and Vat Yellow 5G) were obtained from Cuttack, Odisha, India. Tartaric acid, n-propanol, ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)], NADH, methyl red, catechol were purchased from Fisher Scientific, India. Agricultural residues like rice straw and husk, sugarcane bagasse, and wood scrapings were collected from local industries in Odisha, India. These residues were washed and dried and then were milled into a uniform size and stored at room temperature before use. All the chemicals and media components used have been supplied from Hi-media (India) and of analytical grade. The alkaline pH of the media was maintained by using sterilized NaOH (1 M). The textile wastewater sample was collected from local textile processing units, Odisha, India.

The three silicate glasses (Glass A, B, and C) in this paper were from Corning® Gorilla® Glass families with silica content of 63.76, 67.37, and 70.9 mol%, respectively. Glass A and B are denoted as Glass 4 and Glass 1 in US Patent 20180282201A1²¹ . Glass C is denoted as Ex. H in US Patent US10259746B2 listed in Supplementary Table S1²⁹ . ACS reagent grade chemicals were purchased from Fisher Scientific Inc. including citric acid anhydrous, malic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, 37% hydrochloric acid, and Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, aluminum chloride, as well as other alkali metal chlorides, and alkaline earth metal chlorides evaluated in this work. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of 50 wt% solution was acquired from Fisher Scientific Inc. and further diluted to 10 wt% for leaching layer removal. DI water of 15 MΩ cm⁻¹ was employed for solution preparation, glass rinsing and cleaning.

Submicron-filtered HPLC-grade water was used. D-glucose, D-fructose, maltose, maltotriose, and sulfuric acid purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) were used. HPLC-grade lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, propionic acid, ethanol, and acetonitrile purchased from Fisher (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) were used.