Nh4 2so4

Fungi were mainly cultivated in basic medium containing the following (per L): 0.5 g KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g MgSO₄·7H₂O, 0.0915 g FeSO₄·7H₂O, 0.8 g (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1.0 g corn steep liquor (CSL, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 100 g glucose. Glucose was mainly used as a carbon source. All the reagents used, except CSL, were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). The initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 2–4 using HCl aq. before sterilization. The medium was autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. The carbon sources used in this study were hexoses (glucose, galactose, and fructose), pentoses (xylose and arabinose), and disaccharides (sucrose and lactose) at an initial concentration of 100 g/L. The nitrogen sources of the natural extracts were casamino acid, casein (Sigma-Aldrich), malt extract (Difco Laboratories), meat extract (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and Hipolypepton (Nihon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The salts used as nitrogen source were KNO₃, NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, and urea (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co.), which were added to the basic medium at a concentration of 5 g/L. The mineral components used were CaCl₂, CoCl₂, CuSO₄, FeCl₂, FeCl₃, FeSO₄, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, MnSO₄, NiCl₂, ZnCl₂, and ZnSO₄, which were added to the basic medium at a concentration of 5 mg/L.