Type 1 α glucosidase

Antioxidant chemicals such as DPPH, ABTS, and ascorbic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); while antidiabetic chemicals and reagents such as Type-I α-glucosidase (Baker Yeast), Type-VI α-amylase (porcine pancreas), PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranose), acarbose, and streptozotocin were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany); glucose estimation kits from SD Chek-Gold Germany, and glibenclamide were provided by Sanofi-Aventis-Pharma Pakistan. Chemicals such as Tween-80 (Scharlau-chem., Barcelona, Spain), normal saline solution (Utsoka Pharma, Las Bela Baluchistan, Pakistan), lipid profile tests kits (Human, Hamburg, Germany), renal profile tests kits, and antioxidant enzymes kits (Biomed: Germany; diagnostic) were used in in vivo study. Mueller Hinton (MH) agar and broth (Merck, Modderfontein, South Africa) were used to culture the bacterial strains. Various solvents such as methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were also used in this study.

All the chemical used were of analytical grade. DPPH, ABTS, ascorbic acid, galantamine (Lycoris Sp.), potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), acetylcholinesterase (Electron eel type-VI-S), butyrylcholinesterase (from aquine), acetylcholine iodide, and butyrylcholine iodide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland. DTNB (5,5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid), 3, 5- Di nitro-salicylic acid, Type I α-glucosidase (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Type VI α-amylase (porcine pancreas), PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-α- D-glucopyranose), and acarbose were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany.

Antioxidant chemicals such as DPPH, ABTS, and ascorbic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); while antidiabetic chemicals and reagents such as Type-I α-Glucosidase (Baker Yeast), Type-VI α-amylase (porcine pancreas), PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranose), streptozotocin were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany); glucose estimation kits from SD Chek-Gold Germany, and glibenclamide was provided by Sanofi-Aventis-Pharma Pakistan. Chemicals such as Tween-80 (Scharlau-chem., Barcelona, Spain), normal saline solution (Utsoka Pharma, Las Bela Baluchistan, Pakistan), lipid profile tests kits (Human, Hamburg, Germany), and renal profile tests kits, antioxidant enzymes kits (Biomed: Germany; diagnostic) were used in in vivo study. Various solvents such as methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were also used in this study.