Cp 96345

Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). GR 159897 (5-fluoro-3-[2-(4-methoxy-4-[([R]-phenylsulphinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-1H-indole), MRS 2500 tetraammonium salt ([1R*,2S*]-4-[2-lodo-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]-2-[phosphonooxyl]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-methanol dihydrogen phosphate ester tetraammonium salt), and CP 96345 ([2S,3S]-N-[2-methoxyphenyl]methyl-2-diphenylmethyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-amine) were purchased from Tocris. NKA was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). The Cx43 mimetic peptide, 43Gap 26, was purchased from Anaspec (Fremont, CA). Di-nitro benzenesulfonic acid (2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid dihydrate) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH).

SP, 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), Triton X-100, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride‎ (PMSF), Akt1/2 kinase inhibitor, and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Penicillin/streptomycin, 0.25% trypsin–EDTA solution, and PBS (200 mg/l KCl, 200 mg/l KH₂PO₄, 8 g/l NaCl, 2.16 g/l Na₂HPO₄-7H₂O, pH 7.0, Osmolality 271 – 299) were provided by Welgene (Daegu, Korea). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM-F12) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY). Anti-GAPDH antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA), CP-96345 (TOCRIS; Bristol, UK), and WST-1 (Roche; Indianapolis, IN) were used. Cell lysis buffer, anti-Akt antibody, anti-phospho-Akt antibody, anti-GSK-3β antibody, and anti-phospho-GSK-3β antibody were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). ARPE-19 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA).