Glycerin

Captopril was supplied by EIPICO Pharmaceutical Industries Co., Cairo, Egypt. Capoten^® tablets (batch no. 74427C) were purchased from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Beecham, Cairo, Egypt. Gelatin powder Type A was purchased from Alpha Chemika, Mumbai, India. Sodium alginate was purchased from Loba Chemie LTD., Mumbai, India. Glycerin, Tween 80, propranolol (IS), and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Moreover, polyvinyl alcohol was supplied by BDH Chemicals, Poole, England. Sucralose was provided by Asin Co., Mirkow, Poland.

Sterile water for injection (SWFI, Hospira, Lake Forest, IL), Egg phospholipid (Lipoid LLC, Newark, NJ), Sodium Oleate (Lipoid LLC, Newark NJ), and Glycerin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were used to formulate the dispersion. Oils used were USP-grade soybean oil (Spectrum Chemicals, New Brunswick, NJ) and CrystalPure EPA 28/12 TG fish oil (Pronova Biopharma, Oslo, Norway). Additives used were α-tocopherol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), beta-sitosterol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and stigmasterol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Commercial emulsions used for analyses included Omegaven (Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) and Intralipid (Fresenius Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden).

Levan from Erwinia herbicola (molecular weight 1.3 × 10⁶ Da), glycerin, and diiodomethane (pure for analysis) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany).
To obtain the levan films, pure biopolymer (0.5 g) was dissolved in water (50 mL) and poured into quartz plates to evaporate the solvent. The sample was dried under ambient conditions for 24 h. To determine the water content in the sample, the levan film was dried at 100 °C to a constant weight.

Samples were washed 2× with PBS and permeabilized with 0.1% triton X-100 (Sigma Aldrich) for 15 min. A 0.1% Tween-20 (Sigma-Aldrich) solution in PBS was made (PBST). The samples were blocked / permeabilized with 10% BSA (Sigma Aldrich) and 22.52 mg/ml glycerin (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBST. Primary and secondary antibody were both diluted in 10% BSA in PBST, 1:200 and 1:400 respectively. Cells were incubated in the diluted primary CD31 antibody (Ab32457, Abcam) for 1 h at RT. After 3 × washing in PBS, the cells were incubated in secondary antibody Alexa 488 (Invitrogen) for 1 h at RT in the dark. After 3 × washing in PBS, cells were counterstained with DAPI (Invitrogen, 1:100 in PBS) for 10 min. Membranes were mounted on cover slides using mounting medium (Hard-set mounting medium, Vectashield). Images were taken using a BD pathway 435 microscope. Autofluorescence from the membrane was manually subtracted from the images by decreasing the range of grey values from the pictures from 0-4095 to 800/1000/1200-4095 (depending on the strength of the autofluorescence and signal) using Fiji software.

Tocopherol standards were obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). β-carotene and chlorophyll standards were procured from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Sterol standards, tricaprin, glycerin, monoolein, diolein, triolein, butanetriol, and betulin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA). All reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), Chem-Lab (Zedelgem, Belgium), or Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA) and were either analytical or HPLC grade.

UCP (NaYF4:Yb³⁺,Er³⁺) with excitation and emission
spectrum peaks of 980 and 541.5 nm, respectively, was prepared by
Dr. Yan Zheng from Shanghai Kerune Phosphor Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai,
China). Nitrocellulose membrane (SHE 1350225) and glass fiber (GFCP20300) were
purchased from Millipore Corp. (Bedford, MA, USA). Absorbent papers (Nos 470 and
903) were obtained from Schleicher & Schuell, Inc. (Keene, NH, USA).
Plastic cartridges were designed by our group and processed by Shenzhen
Jincanhua Industry Co. (Shenzhen, China).
Formaldehyde, HCl, NaOH, KCl, NaCl, PEG20000, glycerin, bovine serum albumin V
(BSA), and casein were of analytical grade and purchased from
Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The real samples, including
flour, fruit juice, gourmet powder, milk powder, putty powder, and sucrose, were
all obtained from the local market, and soil samples were excavated from a
parterre. Viscera obtained from Balb/C mice, including heart, liver, lung, and
spleen, were divided into two parts. One part was stored at
−20 °C as fresh specimen, and the other part
was incubated at 37 °C for two weeks as decomposed
specimen.