Brains of 9–12-day-old flies were dissected in cold Haemolymph-Like saline solution 3 (HL3) (NaCl 70 mM, KCl 5 mM, MgCl2 4 mM, trehalose 5 mM, sucrose 115 mM, HEPES 5 mM, NaHCO3 10 mM, pH 7.2–7.3) and transferred into Nunc Lab-Tek II Chamber Slide (Thermofisher, #154526) with either 500 µL of HL3 or HL3 supplemented with neurotransmitter for 30 min at 25°C. Brains were protected from light during incubations. Neurotransmitters were used at the following final concentrations: Acetylcholine (Sigma, # A6625): 10 mM; Tyramine (Sigma, # T2879): 10 mM; Dopamine (Sigma, # H8502): 10 mM; Octopamine (Sigma, # O0250): 10 mM. For treatment with the translational inhibitor anisomycin (sigma, #A9789), anisomycin was added 20 min prior to Tyramine at a final concentration of 40 µM and maintained throughout Tyramine treatment. After treatment, brains were collected, fixed with 4% formaldehyde in HL3 for 25 min, washed thrice with phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 0.5% Triton-X (PBT) and either directly mounted in vectashield (Vector Laboratories) to image endogenous fluorescence or further immuno-stained.
Tyramine
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom
Tyramine is a laboratory compound used for analytical and research purposes. It is a monoamine compound that functions as a neurotransmitter. Tyramine is employed in various scientific applications, including biochemical analysis and pharmacological studies.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Histamine, by Merck Group (27 mentions)
Cadaverine, by Merck Group (26 mentions)
Putrescine, by Merck Group (25 mentions)
Dopamine, by Merck Group (17 mentions)
Tryptamine, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Spermidine, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Spermine, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Serotonin, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Octopamine, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Tyrosine, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Horseradish peroxidase, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Phenethylamine, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Dansyl chloride, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
1 dodecanethiol, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Agmatine, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
L dopa, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
109 protocols using tyramine
1
Fly Brain Dissection and Neurotransmitter Treatment
2
Bilayered PLGA Scaffold Modification
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ED (99.8%; J.T. Baker Chemical Company, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) was diluted to 25% v/v with deionized water before use. The fabricated bilayered PLGA scaffold was immersed in ED solution for one minute, and then washed with PBS to obtain ED-modified scaffolds. Tyramine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide to a final concentration of two weight (wt)%; the PLGA scaffold was immersed in Tyramine solution for one hour, and then washed three times with PBS. Untreated bilayered scaffolds served as controls.
3
Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Detection Protocol
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Anti-aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B1 ( Fig. 1 ) , thiourea, thioctic acid, tyramine, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim,Germany), 1-dodecanethiol was obtained from Aldrich (Milwaukee, USA), . All other chemicals used were of analytical grade. All buffers were prepared from water treated with a MilliQ system from Millipore (Bedford MA, USA). This treated water is called MilliQ water in the rest of this paper. The buffers were filtered and degassed before use.
Samples from contaminated Brazilian nuts containing contaminated and non-contaminated nuts were kindly provided by Tahuamanu S.A. Company (Pando,Bolivia).
Samples from contaminated Brazilian nuts containing contaminated and non-contaminated nuts were kindly provided by Tahuamanu S.A. Company (Pando,Bolivia).
4
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Enzyme Crystallization
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Tyrosine, PLP, tyramine, DOPA, dopamine, SeMet and all reagents for protein crystallization were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). E. coli BL21(DE3) harboring pET24a-tdc was constructed in our previous work10 . Phanta HS Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase was obtained from Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China), and DpnI was obtained from Toyobo Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).
5
Enzymatic Characterization of β-Glucosidase
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β-glucosidase
(1 mg/L, Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria) was incubated with tyramine, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, catechin, lignosulfonic acids
(18 and 52 kDa), and humic acids (1 and 0.1 g/L, respectively; all
compounds were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH
7.0). SinATYR (1 mg/L) was added to the mixture for
samples with TYR activity. Samples solutions were incubated at 4 °C
and β-glucosidase activity has been determined after 24, 48,
72, and 96 h.
4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-d -glucopyranoside
(Sigma-Aldrich) was used to measure β-glucosidase activity.
Fluorescence measurements were performed on a TECAN infinite M200
reader (Tecan, Salzburg, Austria, excitation wavelength: 365 nm, emission
wavelength: 455 nm)77 (link) in triplicate. For
each measurement, 10 μL of sample solution was mixed with 5
μL of 10 mM 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d -glucopyranoside
(dissolved in 100% 2-methoxyethanol). The solution was filled up to
200 μL with H2O and adjusted to 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH
7.0). As a control sample, β-glucosidase (1 mg/L) was incubated
at 4 °C in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0) without additional phenolics.
(1 mg/L, Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria) was incubated with tyramine, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, catechin, lignosulfonic acids
(18 and 52 kDa), and humic acids (1 and 0.1 g/L, respectively; all
compounds were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH
7.0). SinATYR (1 mg/L) was added to the mixture for
samples with TYR activity. Samples solutions were incubated at 4 °C
and β-glucosidase activity has been determined after 24, 48,
72, and 96 h.
4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-
(Sigma-Aldrich) was used to measure β-glucosidase activity.
Fluorescence measurements were performed on a TECAN infinite M200
reader (Tecan, Salzburg, Austria, excitation wavelength: 365 nm, emission
wavelength: 455 nm)77 (link) in triplicate. For
each measurement, 10 μL of sample solution was mixed with 5
μL of 10 mM 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-
(dissolved in 100% 2-methoxyethanol). The solution was filled up to
200 μL with H2O and adjusted to 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH
7.0). As a control sample, β-glucosidase (1 mg/L) was incubated
at 4 °C in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0) without additional phenolics.
6
Neurochemical Assessment of Biochemical Interactions
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Opipramol (4-[3-(5H-dibenz[b,f]-azepine-5-yl)-propyl]-1-piperazine-ethanol dihydrochloride), haloperidol, risperidone, phenelzine, pargyline, harmine, tyramine, benzylamine, semicarbazide, cytochalasin B, fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin, hydrogen peroxide, horseradish peroxidase, isoprenaline, cytochalasin B, and routinely used chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich-Merck (St. Quentin Fallavier, France), unless otherwise specified. Amplex Red was provided by InterChim (Montluçon, France). [3H]-2-Deoxyglucose, [14C]-benzylamine, and scintillation cocktail were purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA, USA). Different [14C]-tyramine batches were either from PerkinElmer or Sigma. Olanzapine and ziprazidone were generous gifts from Prof. Renaud de Beaurepaire (Hosp. Paul-Guiraud, Villejuif, France).
7
Receptor Binding Assay with TAAR1 Antagonist
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β-PEA and tyramine were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). MA and LSD were generously provided by NIDA Drug Supply Program. Polyethylenimine (PEI, MW 40000) was purchased from Polysciences (Warrington, PA, USA). For experiments in vitro, the TAAR1 antagonist, N-(3-Ethoxy-phenyl)-4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzamide (EPPTB) [26 (link)] was first diluted in DMSO, and subsequently diluted into cAMP assay buffer for a final DMSO concentration of 0.1%.
8
Enterococcus faecalis Tyramine Production
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Two strains were used in this study: the wild-type E. faecalis V583 (Sahm et al., 1989 (link)) (hereafter referred to as wt) which biosynthesizes tyramine and putrescine (Ladero et al., 2012b (link)) and the derived non-tyramine-producing mutant E. faecalis V583 Δtdc (hereafter referred to as Δtdc) that lacks Tyrosine decarboxylase genes cluster (Perez et al., 2015 (link)). Bacteria were grown in M17 medium (Oxoid, Hampshire, United Kingdom) supplemented with 5 g L-1 glucose (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) (GM17) at 37°C under aerobic conditions. Tyrosine, agmatine, or tyramine (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) were added at indicated concentrations. Chloramphenicol (5 μg ml-1) (Sigma–Aldrich) was added when required. All cultures were inoculated at 0.1% (v/v).
9
Metabolite Standard Preparation Protocol
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The organic solvents acetonitrile and methanol (LC grade) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Distilled water was produced through a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The metabolite standard compounds, adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), quercetin, tyramine, and urocanic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louise, MO, USA).
10
Comprehensive Analytical Standards for Antioxidant Assays
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For the online ABTS with HPLC-DAD and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), the following standards were used: naringenin, gallic acid, catechin hydrate, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, luteolin, sinapic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, phenylisothiocyanate, quercetin, ellagic acid, tyramine, pyrogallol, and vanillic acid, which were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Sydney, Australia). Epicatechin and kaempferol were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
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