A TMM wall-less phantom of the CCA was prepared with a lumen diameter of 8.0 mm, as described by Ammar et al.(24 ). The TMM composition was made up of 84% w/w distilled water, 0.53% w/w of silicon carbide (Logitec, Glasgow, UK), 0.96% w/w of aluminum oxide, 3.0 μm size (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), 0.89% w/w of aluminum oxide, 0.3 μm size (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), 0.92% w/w of gelatin (gel strength 300, Type A, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), 1.5% w/w of konjac powder (dietary supplement, NOVA Nutritions, Scotch Plains, New Jersey USA), 1.5% w/w of carrageenan powder (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), 0.7% w/w of potassium chloride (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), and 9.0% w/w of glycerol (VetecTM reagent grade, Sigma Aldrich, Germany). About 5 cm3 of benzalkonium chloride solution was added to 2 liters of the TMM as an anti-fungal agent. The prepared TMM was cast inside a plastic (acrylic) rectangular box with a straight metal rod placed horizontally inside at a depth of 15 mm. When the TMM had cooled to about 40°C, the metal rod was removed gradually to provide a lumen which was attached to rubber tubes for connection to a pump.
Aluminum oxide
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States
Aluminum oxide is a ceramic material that is commonly used as a laboratory equipment. It is a hard, chemically inert, and thermally stable substance. Aluminum oxide is known for its high melting point, high compressive strength, and resistance to corrosion. It is often used as a substrate material, abrasive, or insulating component in various laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Pyrrole, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Iron 3 chloride hexahydrate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Calcium carbonate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sucrose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Silica gel 60, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Silicon dioxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Strontium carbonate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N n dimethylformamide (dmf), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Boric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Iron 2 chloride tetrahydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Isopropyl alcohol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Copper 1 bromide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Edf 8999, by Cambridge Isotopes (1 mentions)
Edf 5999, by Cambridge Isotopes (1 mentions)
Wp lcs, by Wellington Laboratories (1 mentions)
Florisil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
34 protocols using aluminum oxide
1
Fabrication of Wall-less CCA Phantom
2
Optimized Synthesis and Characterization
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All chemicals used were obtained from commercial sources (Merck, Acros, Syngene) and were used as supplied without further purification. Merck silica gel 60 (230–400 mesh) and Merck aluminum oxide (activity II–III, according to Brockmann) were used for chromatographic columns with the indicated solvents. Merck TLC plates (silica gel 60 F254 and aluminum oxide F254) were used to monitor all operations, and then compounds were visualized under UV light (254 and 365 nm) and/or stained with the relevant reagents. The yields were not optimized and refer to the purified products. 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III NMR 400 spectrometer with reference to tetramethylsilane (TMS) in the indicated solvent. Chemical shift values are expressed in parts per million (ppm). Coupling constants (J) are reported in hertz with signal multiplicities indicated as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quadruplet (q) and multiplet (m). When specified, ChemDraw Professional 16.0 was used to generate systematic compound names following IUPAC conventions. Detailed synthetic procedures and spectroscopic data are reported in the Supplementary Materials .
3
PCDD/F and PCB Quantification in Soybean Oil
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Native dioxin/furan mixtures (M-8280A-PAK/M-8280B-PAK, containing 10 PCDD/F congeners), native NDL-PCB mixtures (PCB-DUTCH7-SET), and native DL-PCB (12 individual standard solutions), which were used for the fortification of soybean oil, were purchased from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA). 13C12-labeled PCDD/F compounds, which were used as surrogates (EDF-8999) and internal standards (EDF-5999) for PCDD/Fs, were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, MA, USA). 13C12-labeled PCB compounds, which were used as surrogates (WP-LCS and EC-9605 SS) and internal standards (EC-9605 RS) for PCBs, were obtained from Wellington Laboratories (Guelph, ON, Canada). Pre-mixed PCDD/F and PCB calibration standards were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories and Wellington Laboratories, respectively.
All solvents were pesticide grade and purchased from Duksan Pure Chemicals (Ansan, Kyungkido, South Korea). Aluminum oxide (neutral, 70–200 mesh) and florisil (60–100 mesh) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Silica gel 60 (70–230 mesh) was purchased from Merck (Shanghai, China).
All solvents were pesticide grade and purchased from Duksan Pure Chemicals (Ansan, Kyungkido, South Korea). Aluminum oxide (neutral, 70–200 mesh) and florisil (60–100 mesh) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Silica gel 60 (70–230 mesh) was purchased from Merck (Shanghai, China).
4
Purification of Pyrrole Derivatives
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Pyrrole (Py, reagent grade,
98%), N-methylPyrrole (MPy, ≥99%), methanol
(MeOH, 95%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%), aluminum oxide
(activated, basic, Brockmann I, standard grade, ∼150 mesh,
58 Å), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%), hydrochloric acid
(HCl, 37 wt % aqueous solution), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) powder
(PTFE, particle diameter: 200 μm) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Co., LLC. N-EthylPyrrole (EPy, >98.0%) was purchased
from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Each monomer was purified by
passing through a column containing the aluminum oxide before use.
Ferric chloride (FeCl3, 99%) was received from Nacalai
Tesque. Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, assay: min. 99.0%) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, assay: min. 95.0%) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemistry,
Ltd. pH test paper (046.55) was obtained from As One Co., Ltd. Deionized
water (conductivity, less than 0.06 μS cm–1) was prepared using an MFS RFD240NA GA25A-0715 deionized water producing
apparatus (Advantec, Osaka, Japan).
98%), N-methylPyrrole (MPy, ≥99%), methanol
(MeOH, 95%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%), aluminum oxide
(activated, basic, Brockmann I, standard grade, ∼150 mesh,
58 Å), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%), hydrochloric acid
(HCl, 37 wt % aqueous solution), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) powder
(PTFE, particle diameter: 200 μm) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Co., LLC. N-EthylPyrrole (EPy, >98.0%) was purchased
from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Each monomer was purified by
passing through a column containing the aluminum oxide before use.
Ferric chloride (FeCl3, 99%) was received from Nacalai
Tesque. Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, assay: min. 99.0%) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, assay: min. 95.0%) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemistry,
Ltd. pH test paper (046.55) was obtained from As One Co., Ltd. Deionized
water (conductivity, less than 0.06 μS cm–1) was prepared using an MFS RFD240NA GA25A-0715 deionized water producing
apparatus (Advantec, Osaka, Japan).
5
Polymeric Drug Delivery System Synthesis
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Acrylamide (AA, 99.5%, CAS: 79-06-1), Methacrylic acid (MAA, 99.5%, CAS: 79-41-4), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, 99.5%, CAS: 97-90-5), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM, CAS: 3290-92-4), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, reagent grade, CAS: 67-68-5), Malachite green oxylate salt (99.8%, CAS: 2437-29-8), crystal violet (99.8%, CAS: 548-62-9), mordant orange 1 (70%, CAS: 2243-76-7), aluminum oxide (basic, CAS: 1344-28-1), amoxicillin (99.8%, CAS: 26787-78-0), cloxacillin (99.8%, CAS: 61-72-3), and ampicillin sodium salt (99.5%, CAS: 69-52-3) were purchased from Sigma-Merck. Prior to polymerization, all stabilizers were removed from monomers and crosslinkers by passing the compounds over aluminum oxide (basic), thus removing any chemical source that could inhibit the polymerization process. Equipment utilized in the experimentation include a Shimadzu-3600 UV-Spectrophotometer (3.5 mL quartz cuvette, path length of 1 cm), BlueWave 200 UV light source, Leica Microsystem DM300, and a Shimadzu MIRacle10 FT-IR spectrometer equipped with a Zn/Se ATR crystal over an optical range of 4000 to 450 cm−1.
6
Synthesis of Perovskite Solar Cell Precursors
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Indium acetate (In(OAc)3, 99.99%), copper iodode (CuI, 99.999%), thiourea (≥99.0%), 1-propionic acid (≥99.5%), γ-butyrolactone (≥99.0%), aluminum oxide (Al2O3, 20 wt.% in isopropanol), methylamine (40 wt.% in H2O), hydroiodic acid (57 wt.% in water), diethyl ether, and PbI2 (99.999%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All the reagents were used without further purification. Indium tin oxide-coated glass slides (ITO, ≤15 Ω/square, Wuhu Token Sci. Co., Ltd., China) were cleaned by successive ultrasonic treatment in deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol and then dried at 100°C for 10 min.
7
Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Protocol
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The
following chemicals
were used in the study: 4-aminobenzenethiol (Fluka, 95.00%), ammonia
(Lachner, 26.00%), silver nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99%), sodium
hydroxide (Penta, 98.00%), ammonium chloride (Penta, 99.50%), copper(II)
chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, 97.00%), sulfuric acid (Lachner, 96.00%),
tetrachloroauric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99%), methanol (Lachner,
99.95%), aluminum oxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.50%), hydrogen peroxide
(Penta, 30.00%), and calcium carbonate (Lachner, 99.00%). All chemicals
were used in the form supplied by the manufacturer and were not further
purified. In the preparation of aqueous solutions, Milli-Q water was
used, prepared using the Millipore system. 4-ABT was dissolved in
methanol for deposition bath preparation purposes.
following chemicals
were used in the study: 4-aminobenzenethiol (Fluka, 95.00%), ammonia
(Lachner, 26.00%), silver nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99%), sodium
hydroxide (Penta, 98.00%), ammonium chloride (Penta, 99.50%), copper(II)
chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, 97.00%), sulfuric acid (Lachner, 96.00%),
tetrachloroauric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99%), methanol (Lachner,
99.95%), aluminum oxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.50%), hydrogen peroxide
(Penta, 30.00%), and calcium carbonate (Lachner, 99.00%). All chemicals
were used in the form supplied by the manufacturer and were not further
purified. In the preparation of aqueous solutions, Milli-Q water was
used, prepared using the Millipore system. 4-ABT was dissolved in
methanol for deposition bath preparation purposes.
8
Synthesis of Hybrid Nanomaterials
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Zinc Nitrate (Zn(NO3)2), Copper Nitrate (Cu(NO3)2), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), AA, DA, lactose, sucrose, NaCl, Nafion, glucose, and pluronic F-127 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck and DuPont and human blood serum was taken from the hospital. In this study, all the materials were of analytical grade and used as received without any further purification. All solutions were prepared by DI water (3 μS/cm) generated from the Deltino water purifying system.
9
Synthesis of Marked Particles for Enzymatic Digestion
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For the synthesis of marked particles, polyvinyl chloride (Mw 43 kDa, PVC), tetrahydrofuran (THF), sodium chloride (NaCl), and platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) were purchased from Merck (Milan, Italy).
For the enzymatic digestion, α-Amylase from Bacillus sp. (A4862-250ML, liquid form), Lipase from Aspergillus niger (62301, powder), Papain from Carica papaya (10108014001 Roche, Basel, Switzerland, stock concentration 100 mg/10 mL, suspension form) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS, liquid form) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) such as sucrose and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) used for the gradient density separation.
For the filtration step, the membrane filters were made by Whatman®, Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) (filters of cellulose nitrate 12 μm and aluminum oxide (Anodisc) 0.1 μm were used).
For the enzymatic digestion, α-Amylase from Bacillus sp. (A4862-250ML, liquid form), Lipase from Aspergillus niger (62301, powder), Papain from Carica papaya (10108014001 Roche, Basel, Switzerland, stock concentration 100 mg/10 mL, suspension form) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS, liquid form) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) such as sucrose and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) used for the gradient density separation.
For the filtration step, the membrane filters were made by Whatman®, Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) (filters of cellulose nitrate 12 μm and aluminum oxide (Anodisc) 0.1 μm were used).
10
Biocompatibility Evaluation of GHMS
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The biocompatibility of GHMS was evaluated in accordance with ISO 10993-5 by water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assay on L929 cell line (Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan) comparing 0.2 g/mL of the GHMS sample with blank control, negative control (aluminum oxide; Sigma-Aldrich), positive control (zinc diethyldithiocarbamate; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 50μM metformin, and gelatin/nHA nanocomposite scaffold (GHS; no metformin) [44 (link),47 (link)]. The cell viability was calculated using the following formula:
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