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6 protocols using graphite powder

1

Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Anatase

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Commercial
titanium dioxide anatase powder
was bought from Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A. Sodium nitrate, potassium permanganate,
and graphite powder were obtained from Loba Chemie, India. Hydrochloric
acid, sodium hydroxide pellets, and sulfuric acid were supplied from
Merck Chemicals, India. Ruthenizer 535 dye (N3) and iodolyte AN-50
electrolyte were supplied by Solaronix. All the chemicals employed
in this experiment were of analytical grade and utilized without additional
purification.
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2

Graphene Oxide Synthesis and Heavy Metal Detection

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Gum tragacanth (GT), (molecular weight = 8.4 × 105 g mol−1), potassium persulfate (KPS), N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India). Graphite powder, H3PO4, KMnO4, H2O2 and concentrated H2SO4 (98 wt %) were obtained from LOBA-Chemie (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Tarapur, Maharashtra, India). Hg2+ and Cr6+ ions solutions were obtained by dissolving mercury chloride (Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India) and potassium chromate (Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India) reagents in distilled water.
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3

Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Protocol

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We purchased the silver nitrate (AgNO3), PVA (MW about 1, 15,000), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and graphite powder (98% purity) from Loba Chemie Private Limited. The high-grade chemicals hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium permanganate (KMNO4), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were supplied by Merck Life Science Pvt. Ltd. glutaraldehyde was purchased from SD Fine Chem. Limited.
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4

Preparation and Characterization of Dye-Sensitized Nanomaterials

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MO,
CR, BG, CV, and graphite
powder were purchased from Loba Chemie India. Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
[CoCl2.6H2O] and iron chloride hexahydrate [FeCl3.6H2O] were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Standard
samples were prepared in the laboratory. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and sodium nitrate
(NaNO3) were purchased from Qualigens (Thermo Fischer Scientific
India Pvt. Ltd.). All reagents used were of analytical (AR) grade.
Double-distilled water (DDW) was used throughout the experiments.
All chemicals were used without further purification. The characteristics
of the model dyes used in this experiment are listed in Table 1.
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5

Electrochemical Characterization of Doped Nanomaterials

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The sodium hydroxide, Dopamine hydrochloride, Uric acid, Na2HPO4 & NaH2PO4 was from nice chemicals. The graphite powder (Loba Chemie), silicon oil (Himedia) & all other required solutions were prepared from distilled water. The electrochemical experiments were performed on a voltammetric instrument of model CHI-660c (CH Instrument-660 electrochemical workstation). The Shimadzu-made diffractometer provided with CuKα radiation was utilized for structural characterization. Surface morphology and particle size were studied with the help of a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, TESCON) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, H-600, Hitachi, Japan) respectively. The Horiba made spectrofluorimeter (Jobin Yvon) was used for Photoluminescence (PL) with a 450 W Xenon lamp as an excitation source.
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6

Valorization of Orange Pomace

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Orange pomace (OP) was sourced from the local juice vendors. All the chemicals were used as received without any additional purification. The chemicals used were Graphite Powder (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., 98%), H3PO4 (Molychem, 85%,), H2SO4 (Thomas Baker, 98%), KMnO4 (Thomas Baker, 99%), H2O2 (Chemigens, 50%), CuSO4.5H2O (Thomas Baker,99%), NaOH (Merck, 97%), potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (Thomas Baker, 99%), HCl (Thomas Baker, 35%), ammonium oxalate (Merck, 99%), sodium azide (s.d. fine-chem ltd, 99%), and KI (Thomas Baker, 99%). All the solutions were prepared using distilled water.
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