Nineteen certified individual pesticide standards (purity, 96.8–99.55), including α-benzenehexachloride, β-benzenehexachloride, γ-benzenehexachloride, δ-benzenehexachloride, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlorepoxide, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, p,p dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, dieldrin, endrin, β-endosulfan, p,p dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulphate, p,p dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, endrin ketone and methoxychlor were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Bangalore, India) and were stored at −4 °C. Individual stock standard solutions (1 mg/L) of OCPs were prepared by dissolving an accurate weight of each pesticide in acetonitrile. Analytical grade methanol, hexane, acetone and acetonitrile were supplied by Merck (Mumbai, India). Water was deionized (Riviera, SCHOTT DURAN, Mainz, Germany) and filtered using 0.45-µm Nylon 6,6 membranes (Rankem, New Delhi, India) filtration assembly (Perfit, India). Working standard solutions were prepared daily by serial dilution of the individual stock solution with acetonitrile. An intermediate stock standard mixture was prepared by mixing the appropriate volumes of individual stock solutions and diluted with highly purified water to a required concentration.
Endrin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States
Endrin is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a highly sensitive analytical instrument used for the detection and quantification of trace amounts of organic compounds in various matrices, such as environmental samples, food, and biological materials. The core function of Endrin is to provide accurate and reliable analytical data to support research and regulatory compliance.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dieldrin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Aldrin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Heptachlor, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Methoxychlor, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Trans chlordane, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Lindane, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Cis chlordane, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Heptachlor epoxide, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
β endosulfan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Primary secondary amine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cypermethrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Endosulfan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 4 ddt, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pp dde, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Atrazine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Diazinon, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Malathion, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chlorpyrifos, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hexane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using endrin
1
Quantification of Organochlorine Pesticides
2
Analytical Standards for Pesticide Residue Analysis
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Analytical standards of heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4-DDT, methoxychlor, lindane and cypermethrin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, PESTINAL brand, (Saint Louis, MO, USA), through the supplier JM Instrument and Chemical Supply, Sdn. Bhd (Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia). The purity of each of those pesticide standards was more than 98.0%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade n-hexane (98% purity) from Thermo Fisher (Bremen, Germany), analytical-grade acetonitrile (MeCN) with 99.8% purity, methanol (98% purity), sodium chloride (NaCl) of 98% purity and anhydrous magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) with 98% purity and primary secondary amine (PSA) with a purity of 99% were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) through the supplier AS Scientific Supplies Sdn. Bhd (Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia).
3
Extraction and Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants
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Standard OCPs including pp-DDT, pp-DDD, pp-DDE, α HCH, γ HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, endrin, chlordane, methoxychlor, and HCB were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany). Petroleum ether, diethyl ether, n-hexane, acetonitrile, anhydrous sodium sulfate, and methylene chloride were bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Florisil (PR Grade, 60–100 mesh) was purchased from Silica (Silica Co., USA). All solvents were of pesticide residue grade and subjected to a solvent purity test for residue analysis suitability. Florisil was activated at 130°C for 24 h and cooled to room temperature.
4
Preparation of Retinoid and Pesticide Stocks
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5
Pesticide Extraction from Onion Matrix
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Ultrapure CO2 in cylinders with a dip tube was provided by AGA industrial gases (Lidingö, Sweden). Methanol and n-heptane of chromatographic grade were purchased from VWR BDH Chemicals (Gdańsk, Poland) and Fisher Chemicals (Loughborough, UK), respectively. Analytical grade standards including atrazine, 2,4´-DDD, 4,4´-DDT and endrin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Buchis, Switzerland). The stock solution was prepared by weighing 2.5 mg of each standard and dissolving in a small amount of ethyl acetate, and the resulting solution was diluted with methanol in a 25 mL volumetric flask and stored at −20 °C. Mixed working standard solutions, 10 mg L−1, were prepared by proper dilution of the stock solution with methanol once per week. This working solution was used during method development and validation. A 1.0 g onion sample was spiked at 500 µg kg−1 for each pesticide and air dried at room temperature for 24 h before extraction in order to achieve as much adsorption of the pesticides to the sample matrix as possible.
6
Pesticide Residue Analysis Protocol
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Pesticide reference standards including malathion, diazinon, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, omethoate, dimethoate, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, cyfluthrin, fenvlarate, lamdacyhalothrin , lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, mixture endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, o,P-DDT, carbaryl, carbofuran, bendiocarb, atrazine, imidacloprid, thiomethoxam and pendimethalin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich GmbH (Augsburg, Germany), Supelco and Bayer Crop Science , with certified purity ranging from 95% to 99%. Acetonitrile, acetone, sodium chloride, toluene, acetic acid and anhydrous magnesium sulfate were obtained from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). QuEChERS Finisterre micro centrifuge tube containing two or more of primary secondary amine (PSA), anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and graphed carbon black (GCB) with details of TR-Q2035 (150mg MgSO4, 25mg PSA, 2.5mg GCB) and TR-Q2015 (150mg MgSO4, 25mg PSA) were obtained from Teknokroma (Barcelona, Spain). Piperonyl Butoxide (PPB) with certified purity 95% used as internal standard was obtained from Sigma Aldrich GmbH.
All the organic solvents used were high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.
All the organic solvents used were high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.
7
Analytical Quantification of Organochlorine Pesticides
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Reference standard (with 98% purity) containing a cocktail of 19 different OCPs (Lindane I, Lindane II, Lindane III, Lindane IV, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, trans-chlordane, α-endosulfan, cis-chlordane, p',p'-DDE, Endrin, β-Endosulfan, Endrin-Ketane, Methoxychlor, Endosulfan sulfate, p',p'-DDT, Phthalic acid, p,p-DDD), Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and Ethyl acetate were purchased Sigma Aldrich (Germany). Analytical grade anhydrous magnesium sulphate (98% purity) and sodium chloride was purchased from Merck. (Darmstadt, Germany).
8
Pesticide Standards for Analytical Methods
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Diazinon, methyl-parathion, fenitrotion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, triadimephon, penconazole, imazalil, myclobutanil, ethion, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, bromopropylate, lindane, endosulfan, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide A, trans-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDD standards of high purity (>98%) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). The stock solutions (1 g l -1 ) were prepared by dissolving the standards in methanol HPLC grade (99.9%) from Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina) and stored under freezing condition (-18 °C) in dark bottles sealed with PTFE/silicone caps. The working standard solutions (50 mg l -1 ) were prepared in hexane HPLC grade (99.9%) purchased by Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Deionized water obtained from an E-pure water purification system (Barnstead/Thermolyne, Bedford, MA, USA) was used for physical-chemical analysis.
9
Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides
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The analytical standards of organochlorine pesticides hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, heptachlor, and mirex were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA), with a degree of purity of 99.9% (w/w). Stock standard solutions of each pesticide were prepared at the concentration of 500 mg L ¡1 in acetonitrile. From these solutions, an intermediate solution was prepared at 25 mg L ¡1 containing all compounds in the same solvent. Subsequently, this solution was diluted in acetonitrile to 4 mg L ¡1 to prepare the working solution. Ethyl acetate and acetonitrile high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade were purchased from Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and Merck (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), respectively. Sodium chloride purity of 99% (w/w) was also obtained from Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and anhydrous sodium sulphate from Dynamic (Diadema, Brazil). For the cleanup of the extracts the following sorbents were used: alumina (Micro Abrasives, Westfield, USA), florisil (Mallinckrodt Chemicals, St. Louis, USA), activated charcoal (Vetec, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), octadecil C18 (Fluka, Milwaukee, USA), primary secondary amine (PSA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), and silica gel 230-400 mesh (Carvalhaes, Germany).
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