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4 protocols using stevioside

1

Determination of Steviol Glycosides and Antioxidants

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HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France) and analytical grade ethanol and ammonium acetate were purchased from Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain). The standards Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside C, Dulcoside A, Stevioside and Steviolbioside (purity > 98%) were obtained from Chromadex (CA, USA).
De-ionized water from MilliQ (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) was used throughout the procedure. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was carried out on a vacuum manifold system (Lichrolut, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) using StrataC18-E cartridges (500 mg, 3 mL, 55 μm, 70 Å) from Phenomenex (Torrance, CA) for the determination of steviol glycosides.
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were used to determine the total antioxidant activity. Sodium nitrite, (+)-catechin, sodium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) and aluminum chloride hexahydrate (Fluka, Germany) were used to analyse the flavonoids. Sodium carbonate, gallic acid and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were utilized for phenolic determination.
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2

Quantitative Analysis of Stevia Glycosides

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The HPLC-grade solvents, acetonitrile, formic acid and water were purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Common Stevia Glycosides Standards Kit (steviolbioside, dulcoside A, rebaudioside B, stevioside, rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C) were purchased from Chromadex (LGC Standards S.r.L., Milan, Italy). All solvents and water were thoroughly degassed prior analyses.
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3

Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocol

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Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), fluorescein sodium salt, 2,2′-azobis [2 -methylpropionamide] dihydrochloride (AAPH), quercetin dihydrate, 2′-7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) high glucose culture media, penicillin, streptomycin, L-glutamine, trypan blue, trypsin, were from culture grade and also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without Mg2+ and Ca2+ and Hank’s balanced salts solution (HBSS) from culture grade were purchased from Euroclone SpA (Milan, Italy). Methanol was purchased from Carlo Erba SpA (Milan, Italy). Water and acetonitrile were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). A Common Steviol Glycosides Standards Kit (steviolbioside, dulcoside A, stevioside, rebaudioside A, B, and C) was purchased from Chromadex (LGC Standards S.r.L., Milan, Italy). All other chemicals were from analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade and purchased from common sources. All solvents and water were accurately degassed before being used in the analyses.
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4

Sweetener Profiling in Diverse Beverages

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Food samples were purchased from the local markets for food safety inspection by the Public Health Bureau, Pingtung County Government, Pingtung, China from January 2012 to May 2012. The samples included 11 nonalcoholic beverages (i.e., 1 lemon tea, 2 sports drink, 2 soft drinks, and 6 juices), 16 alcoholic beverages (i.e., 1 cocktail, 3 plum flavored wine, 8 grape wines, and 4 flavored beers), and 15 preserved fruits and vegetables (i.e., 1 pickled pepper, 11 preserved fruits, and 3 candies).
ASP (99.9%), sodium CYC (99.9%), and sodium SAC (99.9%) were purchased from Supelco Co. (Bellefonte, PA, USA), whereas ACS-K (99%) and SCL (98%) were obtained from Fluka Chemie (Buchs, Switzerland). Stevioside (STV; 98.4%) and GA (98.9%) were purchased from ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA). NEO (99%) and NHDC (99.9%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). DUL (99.8%) was obtained from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). All chemicals were of analytical grade. Methanol (HPLC-grade) was obtained from Biosolve (Valkenswaard, The Netherlands), whereas purified deionized water (R = 18 MΩ cm) was produced by a MilliQ unit (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The chemical structures of all 10 sweeteners are shown in Fig. 1. Formic acid and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade and purchased from J.T. Baker Co., Ltd. (Philipsburg, NJ, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade.
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