The specimens of
S. marianum under study were collected in the banks of Carrión river as it passes through the town of Palencia (Spain) during stage 67 (or 6N7) according to the extended BBCH scale [34 (
link)]. This stage was chosen because silybins precursors (
Figure S1) should not have yet been consumed. The capitula of
S. marianum were shade-dried and pulverized to fine powder in a mechanical grinder. Different specimens (
n = 25) were thoroughly mixed to obtain a composite sample.
Chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4; high MW: 310,000–375,000 Da) was supplied by Hangzhou Simit Chem. and Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). Neutrase
TM 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark).
Stevioside (CAS 57817-89-7, 99%) was purchased from Wako Chemicals GmbH (Neuss, Germany).
Coniferyl alcohol (CAS 458-35-5, 98%),
ferulic acid (CAS 537-98-4, European Pharmacopoeia Reference Standard),
sodium alginate (CAS 9005-38-3),
calcium carbonate (CAS 471-34-1, ≥99.0%), and
methanol (CAS 67-56-1, UHPLC, suitable for mass spectrometry) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain).
PDA (potato dextrose agar) was supplied by Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA).
The three fungal pathogens (
Table 1) were supplied as lyophilized vials (later reconstituted and refreshed as PDA subcultures) by the Agricultural Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACYL, Valladolid, Spain) [35 ].
Langa-Lomba N., Buzón-Durán L., Sánchez-Hernández E., Martín-Ramos P., Casanova-Gascón J., Martín-Gil J, & González-García V. (2021). Antifungal Activity against Botryosphaeriaceae Fungi of the Hydro-Methanolic Extract of Silybum marianum Capitula Conjugated with Stevioside. Plants, 10(7), 1363.