Practum124 1cn

The RCMs and RPMs were investigated by FT-IR (MagnA-IR550, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in the range 4000–400 cm⁻¹. The analysis of the size and morphology of the RCMs and RPMs were performed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Supra 55 Sapphire, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany)). Thermogravimetric analysis of the RCMs and RPMs performed using TGA-DSC/DTA analyzer (STA 449 F5, NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany). The RCMs and RPMs were weighed by analytical balance with an accuracy of 0.1 mg (Practum124-1cn, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany). The zeta potentials of the RCMs and RPMs were measured using a Laser Nanoparticle Size and Zeta Potential Analyzer (Zetasizer Nano, Malvern, UK). The RCM and RPM pore and specific surface area were measured at 77 k using surface area and pore size analyzer (ASAP2020, Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA). The mechanical properties of RCM were tested by an electronic universal testing machine (JDL-10000N, Yangzhou Tianfa test Machinery Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China).

The analysis of the size and the morphology of the Bi-MIPs, Bi-NIPs, Si-MIPs and Si-NIPs were performed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Supra 55 Sapphire, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) (STA 449 F5, NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany) were conducted to evaluate the thermal stabilities of the Bi-MIPs, Bi-NIPs, Si-MIPs and Si-NIPs under an N₂ atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 K/min. The functional groups of the Bi-MIPs, Bi-NIPs, Si-MIPs and Si-NIPs were recorded by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (MagnA-IR55, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) in the range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹. The chrysin solution was determined by UV-visible spectra (UV-2600 Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The Bi-MIPs, Bi-NIPs, Si-MIPs and Si-NIPs were weighed by analytical balance with an accuracy of 0.1 mg (Practum124-1cn, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany).

The color indexes of the grape fruit were measured using a CR-400 color difference meter (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). Ten grapes with uniform growth were selected from each treatment to measure the color indexes, including brightness (L*), red/green color difference (a*), and yellow/blue color difference (b*), at the equator of each fruit. Each index was determined three times. L* represents the color brightness, which is in the range of 1~100. The value range of a* is [−60, +60] (a positive value means red and a negative value means green). The value range of b* is [−60, +60] (a positive value means yellow and a negative value means blue). The greater the absolute value, the darker the color. Then, the color index for the red grapes (CIRG) was calculated. If the CIRG < 2, the color is yellow green; if 2 < CIRG < 4, the color is pink; if 4 < CIRG < 6, the color is deep red; if CIRG > 6, the color is blue black.
$$CIRG=\left(180–h°\right) / \left({\mathrm{L}}^{*}+ C^{*}\right)$$
$$h°=Arctan \left(\frac{{\mathrm{b}}^{*}}{{\mathrm{a}}^{*}}\right)$$
The PD was determined using a hand-held refractometer and a digital tension meter (HG2000, Grows, Shanghai, China). The SW from thirty fruit was determined using an electronic balance (PRACTUM124-1CN, Sartorius, Germany), and the VD and HD were determined using a vernier caliper (160-131, Mitutoyo, Kamala, Japan).