Lumipulse presto insulin

The metabolic parameters described above, including glucose and lipid levels, were measured at SRL, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). These data were obtained to investigate the effects of 6-month anagliptin monotherapy on both pre- and 1- and 2-h postprandial levels of blood glucose, lipid, insulin using Lumipulse^® PrestoInsulin (Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan), C-peptide using Lumipulse^® PrestoC-peptide (Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan), proinsulin using Human Proinsulin RIA KIT (Millipore Cor., MA, USA), and pre- and 1-h postprandial active GLP-1 levels using Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (Active) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) KIT (Millipore Corp., MA, USA) in participating patients after 6 months. Moreover, markers for cholesterol synthesis (lathosterol) and absorption (sitosterol and campesterol) were determined using gas chromatography, GC-2010 (Shimadzu Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan). Serum apoB-48 levels were measured using Apo B-48 chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay KIT (Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan); these levels reflect exogenous lipoproteins, such as chylomicrons, and their remnants. LDL-C levels were calculated using the Friedewald equation because all patients had triglyceride (TG) levels less than 400 mg/dL.

Laboratory tests for this study were performed by SRL, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Insulin was measured using a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay with Lumipulse Presto Insulin (Fuji Rebio, Tokyo, Japan) and glucagon was assayed using a radioimmunoassay KIT (Millipore, St. Charles, MO, USA; Cat. # GL‐32K). DPP‐4 activity was measured by Merck & Co., Inc., in Rahway, NJ, USA, using a high plasma concentration assay 23.

Hormones were measured using the following assays as described previously²³, ²⁴. Total GIP, Human GIP (total) ELISA (Catalog number EZHGIP‐54K; Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany); Glucagon, Glucagon enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Catalog number 10‐1271‐01; Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden); and Insulin, lumipulse presto insulin (Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The gastric emptying rate was determined by mathematical modeling based on changes of the ¹³CO₂/¹²CO₂ ratio in breath samples measured by an infrared spectral analyzer (POCone, Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan)²⁵. Stable ¹³C‐labeled sodium acetate is emptied from the stomach following the trituration and liquefaction of the steamed rice and is transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is oxidized to ¹³CO₂ and exhaled into breath. The Wagner‐Nelson method was applied to adjust the time for ¹³CO₂ distribution²⁶, ²⁷. Other laboratory measurements including HbA1c, plasma glucose (PG), triglycerides, apolipoprotein (ApoB48), and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were by standard assays.