2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph)

Six reference compounds, including caftaric acid (S1), chlorogenic acid (S2), caffeic acid (S3), cichoric acid (S4), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (S5), and luteolin (S6) were purchased from Chengdu Must Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The structures of the six reference compounds are shown in Figure 5. The purities of these compounds were determined to be higher than 98% by high performance liquid chromatography diode array detection analysis. Total antioxidant capacity assay kits (ABTS and FRAP method) were purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). (±)-6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai, China). Gallic acid and rutin were purchased from Chengdu Must Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China).
Methanol, acetonitrile and formic acid of HPLC grade were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Deionized water was prepared by a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All other reagents and chemicals used in the experiment were of analytical grade.

Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and gallic acid were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 2,2′–azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Ethanol absolute, methanol anhydrous, sodium carbonate, potassium persulfate, glacial acetic acid, sodium acetate, acetic acid, iron trichloride, and hydrochloric acid (HCL) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Sea buckthorn (named “shengqiuhong”, Fructus Hippophae, produced in Tacheng, Xinjiang, China) was provided by Gansu Aikang Sea buckthorn Products Co.,Ltd. (Gansu, China). Lactobacillus paracasei was provided by Xi’an Jushengyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.(Xi’an, China). Saccharomyces cerevisiae was provided by Angelyeast Inc.(Hubei, China). Sucrose was from the local market.

NaOH, AlCl₃, NaNO₂, 2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, Na₂CO₃, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), potassium persulfate, potassium ferricyanide, ferric chloride, and trichloroacetic acid were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Rutin, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Vitamin C (Vc) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while foline-phenol, β-sitosterol, and vanillin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MI, USA). Assay kits for LDH, MDA, SOD, and GSH-PX were bought from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). RPMI-1640 culture medium, phosphate buffer solution (0.01 M, pH 7.2), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 0.05%Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA), while fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Zhejiang Tianhang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Huzhou, China). ROS assay kit and 30% H₂O₂ solution were gained from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All organic reagents used in the experiments, including petroleum ether (bp. 60–90 °C), ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and 95% ethanol, were of analytical grade.

G. lemaneiformis was purchased from Nan’ao Island (Shantou, Guangdong, China); ABTS and the Frap assay kit were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); the T-AOC ELISA kit was bought from ZCIBIO Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); the superoxide anion radical assay kit was from Geruisi Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China); RIPA, fluo-3 AM, and CCK-8 were purchased from Solarbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China); BCA, SOD, MDA, CAT, and the GSH-PX assay kit were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China); 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); and the AO/EB double fluorescence staining kit belonged to Phygene Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Fujian, China).

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, viscosity of 45.0–55.0 mPa·s), sodium alginate (SA, purity of 90%, M/G of 2:1), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na, viscosity of 3000–5000 mPa·s), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2-diazobis-(3-ethylbenzoxoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamine salt (ABTS) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Purple sweet potatoes, cherries, and fresh pork were purchased from the local supermarket (Lanzhou, China). Glycerol was obtained from Tianjin Baishi Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Other reagents used in the article were of analytical level and acquired from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

The salted jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai, has been allowed to use by ethical code, was procured from the Tuandao Market (Qingdao, China), and subsequently subjected to a soaking process with constant water changes every 4 h for four days to eliminate excess salt. Following this, it was transformed into a lyophilized powder to enable enzymatic processing. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Flavourzyme, Protamex, and Alcalase were acquired from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Chemicals such as reduced L-glutathione (GSH), ninhydrin, fructose, potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid, and ferric chloride were procured from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Other reagents, including 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride (NBT), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced disodium salt (β-NADH), were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HaCaT cells were obtained from China Infrastructure of Cell Line Resource (Beijing, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and MEM culture medium were procured from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). Sephadex G-25 was obtained from GE Healthcare (Fairfield, CT, USA). All chemicals utilized in the experiment were of analytical grade.